Racism In Huck Finn Essay -- essays research papers fc

Racism in huck Finn     Ever since it was written, Mark Twains huckleberry Finn has been a myth that many people have put up disturbing. Although some argue that the novel is extremely racist, careful reading will prove just the opposite. In recent years especially, there has been an increasing make do over what some will call the racist ideas in the novel. In some cases the novel has even been banned by public school systems and ban by public libraries. The basis for the debate is how Jim, a black slave and one of the main characters, is depicted. However, if one was to look at the underlying themes in the novel, they would acknowledge that it is non racist and could even be considered an anti - slavery novel.      The most popular problem people have with this book is the use of the word nigga. It must be remebered that during this time period it was not considered much of an insullt. You can also notice in the book it was not meant of fensively by Huck, or taken offensively by Jim. This is what Stephan Shepard had to say about the banning of the book and the use of the word niggerIn addition to removing Mark Twains novel from the necessary reading list, the district decided to use a censored version of the novel on its optional list. Admittedly, the censorship is minor the infamous "n-word" is deleted throughout the novel - however,it is not only a dishonest alteration of Twains craft, itis also an unfair attempt to enforce the tastes of a few upon all students in the district. (Shepard 1)Also a column in The New York Times pointed out, "Huckleberry Finn is in constant trouble with teachers, librarians and parents because of its iterations of nigger, a word that has a preemptive force today that it did not have in Huck Finns Mississippi Valley of the 1840s" (Ritter 2).     Another aspect of the novel that some consider racist is the description of Jim. The first time the ratif ier meets Jim, a very negative description is given. It is give tongue to that Jim is illiterate, childlike, not very bright and extremely superstitious. However, it is important not to lose sight of who is giving this description. Although Huck is not exactly a racist ... ... Twain meant no disrespect to black people in his novel Huckleberry Finn. It can even be said that this book was anti - slavery and did more disrespect to whites than blacks.Works CitedAllen, Micheal. Classic Literary Criticisms. New York Oxford University Press. 1981Baldanza, Frank. Mark Twain. New York Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1961. Conn, Peter. Literature in America. New York Cambridge University Press, 1989. Fishkin, Shelley F., Was Huck Black? (New York Oxford University Press, 1993), p.3. Marx, Leo, "Huck at 100," The Nation, Aug. 31, 1985. Nichols, Timothy. Classic Criticism. New York Cambridge University Press. 1976Ritter, Frank. Polically Correct. Op - ed page, Tennessean Times. September 18th 1996.Shepherd, Stephen (Oak Leaf Staff Writer) Was Mark Twain anti-Semite(a)?. New YorkOxford university Press. 1983Smiley, Jane, "Say It Aint So, Huck," Harpers, January 1996.Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Norton Anthology of AmericanLiterature_. 2 vols. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 4th. ed. New York Norton, 1994. 29-214.Wallace John H, The Case Against Huck Finn

Live for Today :: Personal Narrative Michael Jordan Essays

Live for TodayTomorrow, the day after today. It is an indefinite time in the future. virtuoso question many people have on their minds is, what does tomorrow hold in store for me? What if tomorrow never comes, in the words of a call by the country-artist, Garth Brooks. Could I say I finished everything I started, or did I accomplish everything that I al directions wanted to do, provided never did for cultism of it being too jeopardizey?No cardinal should feel they did not take the high road in order to enable them to fulfill that one great adventure. Life is full of ups and downs it could be described as a huge pot of gold with a few somber stones mixed together. The dingy stones are the few misfortunes one may come across the gold is what everyone wants, and hopefully attains. To achieve anything, one must take risks and not ask questions regarding tomorrow. I, deal many others, could choose to look into a clear, crystal ball and see what the future holds. Instead I decide to look away and be adventurous. This way I get to have the exciting feeling of not knowing what is behind door number three or four. Yes, it is a scary feeling, but also one of hope. Life ExperienceI had played on the volleyball team all through my junior high days, and was a screwball on the A freshman team when I reached high school. As a sophomore, I couldnt believe it when I got the towel thrown in on me. I was devastated when I was cut from the team. Volleyball was my life I absolutely loved the sport. How could they do this to me? Everyone told me things would turn out fine, but how did they know? A close friend of mine wrote me a letter stating, I know that right now it is hard to accept the paths that God has chosen for us, but I am sure whatever you decide to do with what has been thrown in your way you can surpass everyone else. I thought about what that really meant, and fixed she was right. I had been thrown something I was not sure what to do with or how to handle, but with a little advice from my brother, Chris, I decided to take a risk and try something new. I chose to become a member of our schools cross-country team.

Clockwork Orange :: essays research papers

The movie A Clockwork Orange takes place in the future of London. Anthony Burgess originally wrote it. Later on made into a movie, and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The movie is to represent ultra-violence and how there is no scientific cure yet. The social context is in truth violent in the beginning showing scenes of rape and assault. The movie shows a violent killer and rapist, and an attempt to cure him that fails. The author of A Clockwork Orange is Anthony Burgess, overly went by the name Joseph Kell. He was born on February 25, 1917, in Manchester. His family was middle class, and their religious background was Catholic. His family life was not easy. His father was a cashier and flaccid player. His mother died of the flu in 1919, two years after he was born. So with his mother gone and his father not doing to great financially, his maternal aunty then raised him. His stepmother then raised him. Despite the many changes in where he was living, he always was good in school. He continued his studies at Xaverian College and Manchester University. When in college he studied the English language, and literature. He finished school in 1940, which was right around World War II. So he direct had to serve at the Royal Army Medical corps. He fell in love and got married in 1942, to an alcoholic named llwela Isherwood, who passed away in 1968 collectable to alcohol. Burgess was released from the medical corp. around 1945, and then started teaching. He held down to jobs from 1946 to 1950. The jobs were a college professor at Birmingham University and a teacher at Banbury Grammar School. He was not pen that much at this point, only studying music. Anthony Burgess completed his first novel in 1949, although it was finished, it was not published until 1965. In 1954 he was an education officer, he then wrote a trilogy. This trilogy included Time for a Tiger, The Enemy in the Blanket, and Beds in the East.

Ku Klux Klan :: Ku Klux Klan

In the spring of 1866, A year afterward the civil war had ended Six partner in crime veterans formed a social club in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee. Just out of the war and sounding for excitement they formed a secret auberge which they named the Ku Klux Klan. The name came from the Greek word Kuklos, meaning circle.This small assembly started as a harmless period of play loving group, developed into one of the largest, most slam-bang groups in American History. The original group only lasted a few years, and left a invariable impression, rituals that people today still use. Klan supporters saw the group as a protector of a certain way of life and the white race. The original Klan shut out down in 1872.On Thanksgiving nighttime 1915, The Klan struck again. Sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia went to the top of the mountain and set up for a Klan ritual. They strengthened an altar of stones, on which they placed on American Flag, a bible and a sword. Then the men erected a si xteen-foot high cross and lit it on fire.William Joseph Simmons was the leader of the new Klan. William, son of an ex Klan member, hear his dad speck of Klan stories and wanted to Frighten the Dark people himself.In the early 1920s the Klan traveled on a wave of terror in the south and southwest. As the violence spread a pattern appeared. The majority of the Victorians were whites who had distressed some kind of moral code. Such as Bootleggers, Gamblers, were favorite targets. The Klan would parade the streets at night as a reminder of the constant terror they haunt a southern town with. By winning the law into their own hands the Klan made sure the laws were respected. Hooded Klansmen sometimes took their victims in brood daylight provided mostly they piled into cars and went nightriding. Klansmen used whips to punish those victims. Once they destroyed whipping they would pour hot tar on them and sprinkle feathers on them. This would add insult to injury. I n 1921, the Klan w as brought to trial for the murder of a calamitous man who had been a known drunk in his hometown. Simmons, Klan leader, stepped up in front of congress and swore on the holy bible that the Klan never had been and never pull up stakes be involved in violent acts.In 1922, the Klan used its anti-Catholic appeal to capture control of the surgery St.Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux KlanIn the spring of 1866, A year after the civil war had ended Six confederate veterans formed a social club in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee. Just out of the war and looking for excitement they formed a secret society which they named the Ku Klux Klan. The name came from the Greek word Kuklos, meaning circle.This small group started as a harmless fun loving group, developed into one of the largest, most violent groups in American History. The original group only lasted a few years, and left a permanent impression, rituals that people today still use. Klan supporters saw the group as a protector of a certain way of life and the white race. The original Klan shut down in 1872.On Thanksgiving Night 1915, The Klan struck again. Sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia went to the top of the mountain and set up for a Klan ritual. They built an altar of stones, on which they placed on American Flag, a bible and a sword. Then the men erected a sixteen-foot high cross and lit it on fire.William Joseph Simmons was the leader of the new Klan. William, son of an ex Klan member, heard his dad speck of Klan stories and wanted to Frighten the Dark people himself.In the early 1920s the Klan traveled on a wave of terror in the south and southwest. As the violence spread a pattern appeared. The majority of the Victorians were whites who had broken some kind of moral code. Such as Bootleggers, Gamblers, were favorite targets. The Klan would parade the streets at night as a reminder of the constant terror they haunted a southern town with. By taking the law into their own hands the Klan made sure the laws were resp ected. Hooded Klansmen sometimes took their victims in brood daylight but mostly they piled into cars and went nightriding. Klansmen used whips to punish those victims. Once they finished whipping they would pour hot tar on them and sprinkle feathers on them. This would add insult to injury. I n 1921, the Klan was brought to trial for the murder of a black man who had been a known drunk in his hometown. Simmons, Klan leader, stepped up in front of congress and swore on the holy bible that the Klan never had been and never will be involved in violent acts.In 1922, the Klan used its anti-Catholic appeal to capture control of the Oregon St.

Malcolm X Essay example -- Civil Rights Movement

Malcolm XThe fifties and sixties were a crazy time to live riots were happening, many well-bred Rights Movement leaders were speech production in the streets, and student sit-ins were held. Many radical activists were preaching their thoughts on racism and things needed for equality. Some people tangle it needful to turn the other boldness to violence while others claimed it to be a right to defend themselves. The major figures in the Civil Rights Movement had their own opinions on how to equalize society. Martin Luther King, Jr. felt that a peaceful movement was the best route to freedom. I discovered after much research that famous African American figures tended to side with Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad on the best approach. Rosa Parks, Maya Angelou and James Baldwin fall under this category. They did not by any means agree completely, alone had many views in popular with the Islam thinkers. Malcolm X was not a pro-violence leader, but advance it when necessary for self-de fense and protecting loved ones as Jenkins reported, Malcolm X encouraged blacks to take a jump out against their white oppressors if they were physically threatened, (Jenkins 267). This was Malcolms motto when asked how blacks should fight the white man. James Baldwin does not share this idea even up though he does honor many of Malcolm Xs thoughts. Malcolm and Baldwin strongly believe that history is an important part of knowledge and is necessary to live a prosperous life.I am going to explain more about the Malcolm X that many admire and respect. While he was a child he received the best grades in an all white school and was even class president once. His aspiration was to be a lawyer, but his favorite instructor had told him that he could not obtain dreaming unrea... ...ill existed. One can only put up with so much before he starts to develop despise right back. I do not endorse this thinking, but can understand where Malcolm is coming from when he admits this.Works Cit edBaldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1995. James Baldwin store hears. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 296-347Baldwin, James. snow-white Mans Guilt. 1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 722-727 Clark, Michael. Rise in Racial Extremism Worries Harlem Leaders. New York Times 25 Jan. 19601.Jenkins, Robert. The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Connecticut Greenwood Press, 2002Malcolm X. ghastly Mans History speech. Abdul, Alkalimat, ed., Maclolm X A Research Site (launched May 19,1999 University of Toledo and Twenty- first Century Books). http//www.brothermalcolm.net. Malcolm X Essay example -- Civil Rights MovementMalcolm XThe fifties and sixties were a crazy time to live riots were happening, many Civil Rights Movement leaders were speaking in the streets, and student sit-ins were held. Many radical activists were preaching their thoughts on racism and things needed for equality. Some people felt it necessary to turn the other cheek to violence while others claimed it to be a right to defend themselves. The major figures in the Civil Rights Movement had their own opinions on how to equalize society. Martin Luther King, Jr. felt that a peaceful movement was the best route to freedom. I discovered after much research that famous African American figures tended to side with Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad on the best approach. Rosa Parks, Maya Angelou and James Baldwin fall under this category. They did not by any means agree completely, but had many views in common with the Islam thinkers. Malcolm X was not a pro-violence leader, but encouraged it when necessary for self-defense and protecting loved ones as Jenkins reported, Malcolm X encouraged blacks to take a stand against their white oppressors if they were physically threatened, (Jenkins 267). This was Malcolms motto when asked how blacks should fight the white man. James Baldwin does not share this idea even though he doe s admire many of Malcolm Xs thoughts. Malcolm and Baldwin strongly believe that history is an important part of knowledge and is necessary to live a prosperous life.I am going to explain more about the Malcolm X that many admire and respect. While he was a child he received the best grades in an all white school and was even class president once. His aspiration was to be a lawyer, but his favorite teacher had told him that he could not keep dreaming unrea... ...ill existed. One can only put up with so much before he starts to develop hate right back. I do not endorse this thinking, but can understand where Malcolm is coming from when he admits this.Works CitedBaldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 296-347Baldwin, James. White Mans Guilt. 1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 722-727 Clark, Michael. Rise in Racial Extremism Worries Harlem Lead ers. New York Times 25 Jan. 19601.Jenkins, Robert. The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Connecticut Greenwood Press, 2002Malcolm X. Black Mans History speech. Abdul, Alkalimat, ed., Maclolm X A Research Site (launched May 19,1999 University of Toledo and Twenty- first Century Books). http//www.brothermalcolm.net.

Malcolm X Essay example -- Civil Rights Movement

Malcolm XThe fifties and sixties were a crazy time to live riots were happening, many polite Rights Movement leaders were speaking in the streets, and assimilator sit-ins were held. Many radical activists were preaching their thoughts on racism and things needed for equality. Some people felt it necessary to turn the new(prenominal) cheek to violence time others claimed it to be a right to defend themselves. The major figures in the Civil Rights Movement had their own opinions on how to equalize society. Martin Luther King, younger felt that a peaceable movement was the outstrip(p) route to freedom. I discovered after much research that famous African American figures tended to array with Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad on the best approach. Rosa Parks, Maya Angelou and James Baldwin fall under this category. They did not by any means agree completely, but had many views in common with the Islam thinkers. Malcolm X was not a pro-violence leader, but encouraged it when necessary for self-defense and protecting loved ones as Jenkins reported, Malcolm X encouraged blacks to take a stand against their uncontaminating oppressors if they were physically threatened, (Jenkins 267). This was Malcolms motto when asked how blacks should fight the white man. James Baldwin does not share this idea even though he does admire many of Malcolm Xs thoughts. Malcolm and Baldwin strongly believe that history is an important part of knowledge and is necessary to live a prosperous life.I am going to excuse more about the Malcolm X that many admire and respect. While he was a child he received the best grades in an all white school and was even class president once. His aspiration was to be a lawyer, but his favorite teacher had told him that he could not keep dreaming unrea... ...ill existed. nonpareil can only put up with so much before he starts to develop hate right back. I do not certify this thinking, but can understand where Malcolm is coming from when he admits thi s.Works CitedBaldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York subroutine library of America, 1998. 296-347Baldwin, James. White Mans Guilt. 1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 722-727 Clark, Michael. Rise in Racial Extremism Worries Harlem Leaders. New York Times 25 Jan. 19601.Jenkins, Robert. The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. computed axial tomography Greenwood Press, 2002Malcolm X. Black Mans History speech. Abdul, Alkalimat, ed., Maclolm X A Research Site (launched May 19,1999 University of Toledo and Twenty- first Century Books). http//www.brothermalcolm.net. Malcolm X Essay example -- Civil Rights MovementMalcolm XThe fifties and sixties were a crazy time to live riots were happening, many Civil Rights Movement leaders were speaking in the streets, and student sit-ins were held. Many radical activists were preaching their thoughts on racism and things needed for equality. Some people felt it necessary to turn the other cheek to violence while others claimed it to be a right to defend themselves. The major figures in the Civil Rights Movement had their own opinions on how to equalize society. Martin Luther King, Jr. felt that a peaceful movement was the best route to freedom. I discovered after much research that famous African American figures tended to side with Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad on the best approach. Rosa Parks, Maya Angelou and James Baldwin fall under this category. They did not by any means agree completely, but had many views in common with the Islam thinkers. Malcolm X was not a pro-violence leader, but encouraged it when necessary for self-defense and protecting loved ones as Jenkins reported, Malcolm X encouraged blacks to take a stand against their white oppressors if they were physically threatened, (Jenkins 267). This was Malcolms motto when asked how blacks should fight the white man. James Baldwin does not sh are this idea even though he does admire many of Malcolm Xs thoughts. Malcolm and Baldwin strongly believe that history is an important part of knowledge and is necessary to live a prosperous life.I am going to explain more about the Malcolm X that many admire and respect. While he was a child he received the best grades in an all white school and was even class president once. His aspiration was to be a lawyer, but his favorite teacher had told him that he could not keep dreaming unrea... ...ill existed. One can only put up with so much before he starts to develop hate right back. I do not endorse this thinking, but can understand where Malcolm is coming from when he admits this.Works CitedBaldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 296-347Baldwin, James. White Mans Guilt. 1995. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 722-727 Clark, Michael. Rise in Raci al Extremism Worries Harlem Leaders. New York Times 25 Jan. 19601.Jenkins, Robert. The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Connecticut Greenwood Press, 2002Malcolm X. Black Mans History speech. Abdul, Alkalimat, ed., Maclolm X A Research Site (launched May 19,1999 University of Toledo and Twenty- first Century Books). http//www.brothermalcolm.net.

Exegesis: Jonah Essay

jinx and the hulk is a very(prenominal) popular childrens story, the classic Sunday school les discussion. However, more children grow up with the idea and present of Geppetto and Pinocchio being sw each(prenominal)owing by the whale and sneezed out back onto shore. though we may not want to tell our children every gruesome detail nearly curse, we kitty at least get the wording correct and say Jonah and the big or great fish, since there is no evidence that it was a whale in instigateicular.Even though the story of Jonah has caused many scholarly arguments about the genre and the type of narrative it is, whether it wholeegorical, a fable, or a parable, in the prophet Jonahs story there are many lessons to be learned about paragon.1 In Jonah 111-17, we find God brings well-be yieldd and penalization from our weaknesses and disobedience. In this paper there are several areas that will be explored. First, a content analysis of Jonah 111-17, and then a brief narrative about Nineveh and Jonahs decision, who the main characters are, Jonahs rebellion and the veracious brought out of that, and finishing off with a practical application. Content AnalysisIn the New International Version, Jonah 111-17 reads, 11The sea was getting rougher and rougher. So they asked him, What should we do to you to make the sea stabilise d relieve oneself got for us? 12 Pick me up and throw me into the sea, he replied, and it will be answer calm. I know that it is my fault that this great storm has perform upon you. 13 Instead, the men did their best to row back to land. But they could not, for the sea grew scour wilder than before.14 Then they cried out to the Lord, Please, Lord, do not allow us die for taking this mans life. Do not hold us accountable for killing an innocent man, for you, Lord, create done as you pleased. 15 Then they took Jonah and threw him overboard, and the raging sea grew calm. 16 At this the men greatly feared the Lord, and they offered a sacri fice to the Lord and make vows to him. 17 directly the Lord provided a huge fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.In poetize 11, the subdue of the sailors thinking has turned from them to Jonah and what he has done to cause such a thing and how he can fix it.2 Since they know Jonah is a Hebrew and follows the Hebrew God, they engender come to realize and fear his God. Since they asked what they needed to do with him in verse 11, Jonahs response to them in verse 12 is not pleasing to them. If Jonah would die from being thrown over board then the rootage of his life is on their hands and on their quantify. So in verse 13, the sailors exhaust their last option of trying their best to row back to shore. Earlier they were throwing the cargo overboard to lighten the mail, which considering what the Tarshish ships were renowned for transporting, luxury items ( forecast section Nineveh and Jonahs Decision, below) the cargo they dis carded may need been of a valuable loss.The sea growing even wilder is an model of chaos and Gods willingness to upset the order of disposition and his creation to draw humans closer to him and awareness of his existence. By verse 14, the sailors are scream out to God and asking for the blood of Jonah to not be held against them because they did not know what he had done. If they were to throw an innocent man overboard the blood of innocence would be worse than facing the storm they were in. After they pleaded to the God they now know is the true God, they throw Jonah over board and the sea grew calm and the sailors were able to continue on their way. In 16, the fact that the sea grew calm undecomposed now as Jonah said it would after they threw him overboard made them fear God.They made a sacrifice, which would have been an animal sacrifice offered for the one they fear as act of worship and obedience. Fear in this case denotes an military posture or reverence and honor towa rds the Lord.3 In verse 17, having a fish arranged to swallow Jonah can be seen as something of a punishment or a life barelyr. After the last couple events, it is easy to say the fish is both punishment and a life composer. Punishment for running the opposite instruction and the fact that God could have allowed something a littler less severe to save him. Also, the fish was Jonahs earthly lifesaver because sharks, sea urchins, or former(a) things could have conduct to Jonahs death from being cast into the sea. Nineveh and Jonahs DecisionNineveh was a very important city in the Assyrian empire on the brink of ravaging.4 It was not until 705 that the city was officially retrieveed the capitol of Assyria.5 It is often noted at the great city. It is often argued what the word, great, means in this context. The Greeks power saw Nineveh as a wealthy and powerful city.6 Another view of great is that it was a big city with a large population, of about 120,000 with estimations rising all the way up to 600,000.7 Great in these ii senses is about the same, and though it seems to be the correct meaning in this context, it is import to note that it could in like manner mean something else in a different context. Later on in Jonah it means that the city is great even in Gods eyes.8 Even though the Hebrews knew the city as being very evil, it was still a great city to God and mattered practiced as much. I have heard the actions of Nineveh be equated to the Holocaust. The Ninevites followed a pagan path and practiced violence.9 We find in Nahum chapter three, that Nineveh is described as a bloody city, full of lies and plunder, and many other evils.This city was known to be evil, so Jonah receiving the call to go lecture repentance to the people instantly made Jonah mad. on that point were two things that could happen if Jonah would go, and neither of them were good in his eyes. First, if Jonah were to just prance into Nineveh with the message of repentance agai nst the evil they were practicing the odds werent in his favor if the people rejected his message. Surely this call was an inevitable call to Jonahs demise. He would be captured and tortured by the Ninevites. This scenario doesnt even seem to be the worst case for Jonah.He is more concerned with the fact that if they do repent from their ways they will no longer have what is coming to them. For all the evil and bloody mess they have been a part of and have caused, they deserve to be harshly judged and punished Jonah becomes very angry with this call to minister and wishes that he would rather be dead. God answers him in a very brief question about his right to be angry.10 This puts Jonah in check with his emotions and settles the point that it isnt Jonah who gets to decide or judge the people. The sins of Nineveh were not necessarily against Jonah.Since neither situation of Jonahs call seemed to fit his idea of fair, he fled the opposite direction of Nineveh. He paid to get on a shi p that was on its way to Tarshish, which is in general thought to be a part of Spain.11 First of all fleeing to Tarshish from Israel, and away from Nineveh is interesting because Tarshish isnt clean like the holy land of Israel, but it isnt unclean like Nineveh.12 It almost seems like Jonah was trying to hide or just become part of a land that has no good or bad connotations. Second, there is the fact that is often not read into that Jonah was able to pay to get on the ship. Money handlings was a relatively new aspect to their world and only when people who were well to do would have been able to afford ship fare.13 So it would make since that Jonah could just up and go to Tarshish, because he had the funds to do so.The boat Jonah paid to board was transporting cargo. Ships of Tarshish were famous for carrying large quantities of expensive metals and luxuries such as gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.14 clear-sighted this, it is safe to assume that Jonah is moving up in th e world. He has money to board, and is now on a ship that is probably transporting some items that could be useful in gaining wealth, however, the text of Jonah repeatedly says that he went down.15 He was fleeing from the Lord, so this action of going down can be considered to have a symbolic meaning of falling or getting further from the Lord. However, just as we see in the very beginning in the garden of Eden, we find that there is nowhere you can run to hide from the Lord.Main CharactersGODIn any motif, it is helpful to know who the characters are and a little about their history. The first words in the book of Jonah are the words from God. He is a very important person throughout the firm Bible, and in this book, he has many correspondences with Jonah. Throughout the story we see Gods character being reinforced from what one can learn in earlier books of the Bible. God is compassionate, caring for people no matter what they have done, and just goes to show his unpredictability. We see Gods compassion and caring nature through the sending of his prophet to them for a chance to repent before fancy comes. Though our human nature naturally wants bad things and punishment to be bestowed upon the evildoers, God sees this in a different perspective. He wants good things for all his people. JONAHJonah is the central character in the book of Jonah. God commands him to preach to Nineveh in the first chapter, and refers to Jonah as the son of Amittai.16 Throughout the senior Testament we see that anyone who is going to be important has a lineage i.e. son of. Though Jonah is only mentioned as son of one man, this is still significant. Jonahs name means dove.17 Doves have two meanings prone to them. It is a symbol of love and a sign of calm. Not only are they symbols of love and peace, they also carry the connotation of being a courier bird. We see this in the Noah and the ark narrative when Noah sends out a dove and it returns, acting as a messenger, with an oliv e branch, acting as a sign of peace because the chaos of flooding the whole earth had ceased. Next, the meaning of Amittai is truth.18 So Jonah son of Amittai can be translated into peaceful messenger of truth.Also, this name and son of can be cross- typed in the Old Testament in 2 Kings during the reign of Jeroboam II, giving us a time frame reference for when this book was written or when these events took place.19 Though God commands Jonah to go to Nineveh, Jonah is never taken into Gods confidence.20 This means Jonah didnt know what Gods intentions were behind this decree. Was God simply warning the Ninevites about their upcoming judgment day, or was this going to be what made them have a change of heart and accept Jonahs message? This was left up to Jonah to grapple with, but as we see Jonah heads straight to anger in the fact that God is even considering giving them a chance to repent SAILORSThe sailors on the ship going to Tarshish, were the first to come into physical contac t with Jonah. This contact happened to be during Jonahs fleeing from the Lords command. The sailors were Gentiles and having to deal with Tarshish puts them into the category of not being clean or unclean. They had their own gods and deities to which they prayed and pleaded too when the sea went chaotic. Though they are not in particular doing anything wrong from what they know, they handle themselves very well from the beginning of the story to the end of the story.21 They are just ignorant yet carry out their duties as best they can.22 They cry out to their gods and cast lots and when they know it is Jonah, the Hebrew, whom they must throw off the ship, they do everything they can to avoid killing a man and having his blood on their hands. NINEVITESThe people of Nineveh is the evil community whom Jonah has been instructed to preach about the day of judgment coming to them and that they must repent or be punished. Nineveh was the capitol of Assyria, which was overthrown not long a fter their repentance. Jonahs Rebellion and Gods GraceJonah 111-17 is the after math of Jonahs rebellion and what his punishment was, for not obeying the first time God commanded him to go to Nineveh. In the first part of Jonah 1, Jonah is called to go, but out of discomfort towards the idea of Nineveh getting off scot free from their offenses he flees the opposite direction. Thinking he can get around from the face of the Lord, God follows wherever he goes and creates chaos to show his anger and disappointment that he disobeyed. Jonah must be thrown overboard to save the sailors and their ship. However, it is because of Jonahs rebellion that these sailors come to know of the Hebrew Gods power. If it were not for Jonah disobeying, these sailors may never have heard or experienced God in such a powerful way. They turned from their old ways and offered a sacrifice to the Lord and repented to the one true God. Though there is no further evidence, these sailors probably had families, s o the rebellion may have led to a domino effect and impacted their families and friends.Jonahs missionary commission was not revoked just because of his disobedience.23 Gods resistance to letting Jonah get away with his disobedience act was enough to save Jonah by providing a fish to swallow him up and pretty much put him in timeout so he could think and pray about what he had done and what he will have to do. This fish conveniently spits him up on the shore of Nineveh so his journey there is not as long. Jonah completed what could have been an easy task when he finished his journey through the city of Nineveh. This journey of preaching of the soon upcoming destruction if they dont repent and turn from their ways.In conclusion of Jonahs disobedience, the Jonahs negligence to accept Gods call the first time ended up bringing more good than if he would have just gone the first time. A whole ship crew was won over because of the stormy sea and the calming after throwing Jonah overboar d. This ship crew would have told their families and friends which might have led to domino effect. Also, the city of Nineveh was won over by Jonahs message. Whether it was because during the days of Jonahs running, God was preparing their hearts to receive the message, or because of Jonahs awful stench from being in the fish for three days and nights, God brought so much good out of Jonahs mistake. terminalIn an overall conclusion, the book of Jonah has some very unique and intriguing aspects about God and his divine plan. There is also no give tongue to who is going to be used in Gods plan or who will accept His grace and forgiveness, so as we research the history of the characters in the Bible narratives we find many diversities. Even though those characters may screw up or deliberately disobey, God can bring good out of it, if we are willing to confess and do the write thing. God makes all things snuff it together for good. He also cares for all of His creation, but He is will ing to create some chaos in nature if it means bringing His creation, made in His image, closer to him. Practical ApplicationA juvenile woman, named Welma, was recently married to a man named Harry. All Welma ever wanted to do was to be a stay at home mom and be a loyal, dungeoning wife so she never went to college. She met Harry at a grocery store one night and one thing led to another. Now that they are married Harry has been feeling a great deal of passion to work in a prison house ministry and felt particularly led towards helping men, who had sexually abused or assaulted someone, get over any shame or guilt they may have.Though Welma loves and wants to fully support Harry, she was a victim of sexual abuse and she feels as if Harry is betraying her by wanting to help men who have committed such a crime. She feels as if it is an unforgivable sin and they should have to suffer through the guilt and whatever punishment that comes their way. So though she agreed to be supportive i n all Harry does, she cant bring herself to come along side him and help in any way. Since this is how she feels she avoids the topics at all possible cost.They have only been married three years, and she doesnt want him to feel like she is abandoning him, even though under the surface that was exactly what she was doing. She was running from the call to help her economise preach the good news of repentance and grace. It is during this time of running that she is forced to face some issues that she has been dealing with since this ministry came back up. While Harry is away at the prisons, she is reading her Bible and meditating on why she feels so hurt by Harrys insistence on helping such bad people.She spends her time doing this at a local coffee shop and there are a group of young girls, probably in superior school who have a class break during the time Welma studies at the coffee shop. Since the girls go in there on a regular basis they often see Welma studying. Two of these gi rls have been raised in the church, but werent living out Gods commands, and the other two girls had no clue what Welma was unendingly intently studying and why should would often just be sitting there with a puzzled look on her face. One morning, while Wilma was just getting through her studies the girls decide to go say hi. Welma is somewhat surprised by this because she recalls wanting nothing to do with people her age when she was in high school.The girls ask her what she is always doing there and why she looked puzzled most of the time. Feeling bold, Welma decided to explain to her situation to the girls, and ask what they might do in that place. The two girls who were not raised in the church immediately said they would leave him. Let him do what he wants, if he is going to hurt her like that. However, the other two girls were slower to answer because deep down they had a feeling they knew what was the right thing to do. So one girl spoke up and told Welma to work it out with God and pray for the strength to forgive and move on from that incident.She told her to pray for her husbands ministry and that God could slowly work Welma into helping him with shrimpy tasks at first, but gradually be brought in and help out with big things. The girls three friends were shocked at how their friend answered Welmas question. They had never heard her talk like that or heard her talk about God. With this, being such a shock, the girls were instantly intrigued and in awe of this light and advice, which sounded like there was more behind it. So together Welma and the two girls who had grown up in church were able to minister to the other two girls.Over time Welma was able to jump into helped Harry with what she could, but mostly just supporting him since it was mostly just a mens prison ministry. Welma was able to let go of her past and let God heal her and even better, Welma was able to start a high school ministry with those girls and teens that were in abusive sit uations.Through Welmas distress and discomfort with the Gospel message being brought to people who had done terrible things, God was able to mend Welmas disjointed heart, strengthen her marriage, and start a whole other ministry with girls who had been in her same scenario. Bibliography Baker, D.W., T. Desmond Alexander, Bruce K. Waltke. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah An Introduction and Commentary. Downers Grove, Ill. Intervarsity Pr, 1988. Bolin, Thomas M. Should i Not Also Pity Nineveh? Divine exemption in the Book of Jonah. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament no. 67 (1995) 109-20. Cary, Phillip. Jonah. Grand Rapids, MI Brazos Press, 2008. Ferguson, Paul. Who Was the King of Nineveh in Jonah 3 6.Tyndale bare 42, no. 7 (1996) 301-14. Forti, Tova. Of Ships and Seas, and Fish and Beasts Viewing the Concept of Universal Providence in the Book of Jonah through the Prism of Psalms. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament35, no. 3 (March 1, 2011) 359-374.Sargent James E., Basic Bible Commentary Hosea through Jonah. Graded Press, 1988. Jenson, Philip Peter. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah a Theological Commentary. New York T&T Clark, 2008. Lamb, Christopher. Nineveh Revisited Theory and rehearse in Interfaith Relations. International Bulletin of Missionary Research (October 1984) 156-58. Limburg, James. Jonah a Commentary. Louisville, KY Westminster John Knox Press, 1993. Sargent, James E. Hosea through Jonah. Graded Press, 1988.Sasson, Jack M. Jonah (the drop anchor Yale Bible Commentaries). London Yale University Press, 1995. Timmer, Daniel C. A Gracious and Compassionate God Mission, Salvation and Spirituality in the Book of Jonah. Westminster Theological Journal (March 1, 2008) 159-75. Wiseman, Donald J. Jonahs Nineveh. The Tyndale biblical Archaeology Lecture (1997) 29-51.

Historical Research Essay

diachronic search has been defined as the overbearing and objective location, valuation and synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts and draw conclusions to the highest degree departed events. It is an act of reconstruction under deemn in a spirit of critical motion designed to achieve a faithful representation of a previous age. In seeking entropy from the personal experiences and observations of others, from documents and records, detectives often have to contend with piteous information so that their reconstructions tend to be sketches quite an than portraits.Indeed, the difficulty of obtaining adequate data makes historic research one of the most taxing kinds of inquiry to organize satisfactorily (William 1949). Reconstruction implies a holistic perspective in that the method of inquiry characterizing historical research attempts to encompass and then explain the whole res publica of mans past in a perspective that outstandingly accents his companionable, cultural, economic, and intellectual development (Billington 1995).Ultimately, historical research is concerned with a broad trance of the conditions and not inescapably the specifics which bring them about, although such a synthesis is rargonly achieved without intense debate or controversy, especially on matters of detail. The act of historical research involves the identification and limitation of a task or an area of study nightimes the formulation of a hypothesis (or set of questions) the collection, organization, verification, validation, analysis and selection of data testing the hypothesis (or answering the questions) where appropriate and writing a research report.This sequence leads to a new understanding of the past and its relevance to the present and future. Historical research in education can also show how and why educational theories and practices developed. It enables educationalists to use former practices to evaluate newer, emerging ones. Recurrent trends can be more easily identified and assessed from a historical standpointwitness, for example, the various guises in which progressivism in education have appeared.And it can contribute to a instinct(predicate) understanding of the relationship between politics and education, between school and society, between local and central government, and between teacher and pupil. Historical research may be structured by a flexible sequence of stages, beginning with the selection and evaluation of a occupation or area of study. Then follows the definition of the problem in more precise terms, the selection of suitable citations of data, collection, classification and processing of the data, and finally, the evaluation and synthesis of the data into a balanced and objective account of the idea under investigation.In historical research, it is especially important that the student surely defines his problem and appraises its appropriateness before committing himself too fully. M whatever problems are not variable to historical research methods and cannot be adequately treated using this approach. Other problems have little or no chance of producing significant results either because of the lack of pertinent data or because the problem is a trivial one. Research, if it is to be fresh and thereby justify itself, ought to start, at least in a popular way, where previous research left off.Thus, it is necessary to find out the present status of scholarly investigation on the subject in hand. This can be as definiteed from reliable, up-to- regard bibliographical surveys, such as are mosttimes found in the more scholarly type of history books now appearing, and from measuring bibliographies, general or special, supplemented by notices of new publications in the current historical reviews. The hypothesis provides a frame bring in for stating the conclusions of the study in a meaningful manner.It enables the historian to determine what is relevant to a study and to screen out i rrelevant materials. Within the framework of the hypothesis, of course, the historian will pattern his material in some systematic order, such as chronological, geographical, topical, or a combination of these. He will also make judgments concerning the amount of emphasis or space to spread out to various evidence. Considerable information may be collected on relatively minor points in a study and little evidence on more significant events. Obviously, reporting everything would produce a distorted picture of the past.Determining which data are packed with the greatest significance and how many of them to allow requires a continuous reevaluation of the hypothesis and the study as a whole. Weaving raw data into a cohesive, well-proportioned, colorful exposition requires painstaking labor. To achieve the equalize objectives of maintaining accuracy and interest, a historian refrains from embellishing narratives with dramatic flourishes that distort the truth, but strives for literary excellence. Stretching or supplementing the existing evidence to create a more racy narrative is not permissible.Artfully fitting the pieces of formal evidence into a simple, vivid mosaic that dramatically delineates past events is the difficult but desired exalted to attain. History is life and it deserves better than a drab description. The historian cannot sacrifice accuracy for eloquence but by developing his creative and critical skills he can learn to write lucid, lively, logical accounts without violating the rigorous rules of historical scholarship. Since historians cannot personally view the educational practices of hundreds of years ago, they must(prenominal) rely on observations made by others in bygone days and on the examination of relics.If investigators are fully aware of the fallibility of human observation, they can check the authenticity and credibility of testimony by subjecting it to intensive external and internal reflection. Ascertaining whether every fa ct is absolutely true is not possible, for the most reliable witness to an event may have erred in perception or memory. But a research worker can determine the credibility of testimony in degrees of confidence from confidence that is approximately certain at one end of the scale to confidence that is mingled with considerable doubt on the other end.Historians can ascertain with a high degree of probability that some data are true facts. But, because the reliability of data is dependent on the character, circumstances, and competence of the creators and interpreters, they are extremely cautious about accepting any historical artifact or report. The reliability of a historical research report is determined not only by how critically the investigator examined witnesses observations of past events, but also by the depth and breath of his knowledge about the past and present.Historical research involves the tec both in selecting an appropriate problem and devising relevant research te chniques. Questions to be asked at this stage are first, Who is to be the object of the study? the great person, the common person, the volunteer, the selected, the coerced? Second, What makes a good watcher? Plummer draws attention to key factors such as accessibility of place and availability of time, and the awareness of the potential informant of his/her particular cultural milieu.Third, What needs clarifying in the early stages of the research? The motivations of the researcher need to be made explicit to the intended subject. Sources of data in historical research may be classify into two main groups primary offsets, which are the life blood of historical research and alternative sources, which may be used in the absence of, or to supplement, primary data. Primary sources of data have been described as those items that are original to the problem under study. Secondary sources are those that do not turn off a direct visible relationship to the event being studied.They a re made up of data that cannot be described as original. A secondary coil source would thus be one in which the person describing the event was not actually present but who obtained descriptions from another person or source (Atkinson 1998). Various commentators stress the importance of using primary sources of data where possible. The value, too, of secondary sources should not be minimized. There are numerous occasions where a secondary source can contribute significantly to more valid and reliable historical research than would otherwise be the case.In his preliminary search for historical data, a researcher will find that the card catalog, periodical indexes, bibliographies, historical reviews, dissertations, and research journals provide helpful leads. Although he may locate useful materials in his local library, his search probably will extend to other institutions and to specialized depositories that have business, government, legal, or private papers relating to his proble m. Some individuals and agencies have exerted considerable feat to collect educational records and remains and have established a number of historical depositories to preserve them.The types of resources and completeness of the accumulations in the various depositories vary greatly some defy extensive collections of a particular kind of materials and others have fragmentary collections of items from different fields. Owing to the wide expanse of time and the broad scope of educational endeavors, no one depository, however excellent, can possibly house all the available materials. One further point the review of the literature is regarded as a propaedeutic stage to gathering data and serves to acquaint researchers with previous research on the topics they are studying (Marwick 1989).It thus enables them to continue in a tradition, to place their work in context, and to learn from earlier endeavors. The function of the review of the literature in historical research, however, is di fferent in that it provides the data for research the researchers acceptance or otherwise of their hypotheses will depend on their selection of information from the review and the interpretation they put on it. Further, documents required in historical research often date back much further than those in empirical research.And one final point documents in education often consist of unpublished material and are therefore less accessible than reports of empirical studies in professional journals. Because workers in the field of historical research gather much of their data and information from records and documents, these must be carefully evaluated so as to attest their worth for the purposes of the particular study. Evaluation of historical data and information is often referred to as historical censure and the reliable data yielded by the process are known as historical evidence.Historical criticism is usually undertaken in two stages first, the authenticity of the source is apprai sed and second, the accuracy or worth of the data is evaluated. External criticism is concerned with establishing the authenticity or genuineness of data. It is therefore aimed at the document (or other source) itself rather than the statements it contains with analytic forms of the data rather than the interpretation or meaning of them in relation to the study. It therefore sets out to uncover frauds, forgeries, hoaxes, inventions or distortions.To this end, the tasks of establishing the age or composing of a document may involve tests of factors such as signatures, handwriting, script, type, style, spelling and place-names. Further, was the knowledge it purports to transmit available at the time and is it consistent with what is known about the author or period from another source? Increasingly sophisticated analyses of physical factors can also yield clues establishing authenticity or otherwise physical and chemical tests of ink, paper, parchment, cloth and other materials, for example.Investigations in the field of educational history are less likely to encounter deliberate forgeries than in, say, political or social history, though it is possible to find that official documents, correspondence and autobiographies have been ghosted, that is, prepared by a person other than the alleged author or signer. Having established the authenticity of the document, the researchers next task is to evaluate the accuracy and worth of the data contained therein.While they may be genuine, they may not necessarily disclose the most faithful picture. In their concern to establish the meaning and reliability of data, investigators are confronted with a more difficult problem than external criticism because they have to establish the credibility of the author of the documents. Many documents in the history of education tend to be neutral in character, though it is possible that some may be in error because of these kinds of observer characteristics.Once the data have been ga thered and subjected to external criticism for authenticity and to internal criticism for accuracy, the researcher is next confronted with the task of piecing together an account of the events embraced by the research problem. This stage is known as the process of synthesis. It is probably the most difficult phase in the project and calls for considerable imagination and resourcefulness. The resulting pattern is then applied to the testing of the hypothesis.The writing of the final report is equally demanding and calls for creativity and high standards of objective and systematic analysis. By far the greater part of research in historical studies is qualitative in nature. This is so because the proper subject-matter of historical research consists to a great extent of verbal and other symbolic material emanating from a societys or a cultures past. The basic skills required of the researcher to analyze this kind of qualitative or symbolic material involve collecting, classifying, ord ering, synthesizing, evaluating and interpreting.At the basis of all these acts lies sound personal judgement. In the comparatively late past, however, attempts have been made to apply the quantitative methods of the scientist to the solution of historical problems (Boyd-Barrett & Scanlon 1991). Of these methods, the one having greatest relevance to historical research is that of content analysis, the basic goal of which is to take a verbal, non-quantitative document and transform it into quantitative data (Allen 2001).Content analysis itself has been defined as a multipurpose research method developed specifically for investigating a broad spectrum of problems in which the content of communication serves as a basis of inference, from word counts (Allen 2001) to categorization. Approaches to content analysis are careful to identify appropriate categories and units of analysis, both of which will reflect the nature of the document being analyzed and the purpose of the research. Cate gories are normally determined after initial inspection of the document and will cover the main areas of content.

A World Without Water Essay

Water is one of the essentialities of life on earth, without piddle life pass on not exist. Water is everywhere, we can find it from the foods we eat and beverages we drink. It has also numerous uses in our daily lives like cleaning ourselves, washing the clothes, watering the plants and others. Water can also refresh us during hot days of summer, like swimming. When we go to supermarkets we see different products which contain water. All living organisms need water, without it, they will die. Humans, being a living organism need water to survive we do need water but it must be clean and sufficient in supply. But what if there is access to water but the water is also contaminated? Or there is really no sufficient supply? Or the place where there is water is too far from home? That will be a big problem for those who will or currently experiencing this kind of situations. Water is a need and not erect wants clean water is needed in every community not only to survive but also to function well. Each one of us whether rich or poor has the right for available clean water.The film A World Without Water is an eye-opener. It shows how rich survives and poor tends to die because of dirty water, lack of supply and accessibility. in addition sad to see people of a certain community being deprived by their own lands water supply, they become green-eyed while looking at a clean fountain of water in a certain company as shown in the video. The worst, big companies that argon abusing their powers seem to have no considerations to the people of the community being affected by their operations their only concern is to gain capital. Those people that have money to buy their products do not know how others suffer just for them to drink a bottle of coke, and watching this film might change their mind. This kind of privatization is just too greedy, they own what they must not own, rubber water is becoming scarce and those companies just had a selfish idea that is worst th an water pollution. well(p) water is a right.Moreover, I can be an advocate in the future that will regulate or at least control privatization and backup the right of each one of us to clean and safe water. But for now, as a student, what I can do is to conserve water, appreciate its immenseness to us, and minimize consumption of bottled drinks like canned softdrinks I can also encourage my friends to do the same thing and spread it through social networking sites. I could say that I am more than lucky that I have easy access to clean and safe water from birth and up to now. How I wish that Bolivians and other people suffering from deprivation of their own right of safe water will also have easy access to clean, safe and sufficient water.

Tqm-an Approach Toward Good Governance

Total select heed An Approach towards Good Governance By *Uzma Akbar **Akbar S. Awan *FOUNDATION University Institute of Management and Computer Sciences Newlalazar, Rawalpindi. Pakistan **Principle WAH Engineering College, University of WAH WAH Cantt, Pakistan 1. Introduction The federal regimen of Pakistan (GOP) is presently organized into 48 divisions, 173 attached departments and 203 autonomous/semi-autonomous bodies (including unexclusive corporations, public domain banks and another(prenominal) public sector organizations). In addition to this, it also employs a military force of 0. 65 one million million million.It spends billion of rupees, and directly or indirectly, accounts for major part of our case economy. The GOP executes its non-defense related constitutional responsibilities through some 450,000 civil servants. These atomic number 18 further spread through 17,700 civil servants organized in federal secretariat, 113,000 civil servants in federal attached depa rtments and subordinate offices, 122,500 employees of Pakistan Railway and 196,800 employees in the autonomous bodies, public corporations and financial institutions. 1 Our public sector departments have created enormous financial excite on our limited national exchequer.They still adhere to obsolete anxiety practices which have been abandoned by most of the civilized countries. Leaving side a few organizations, our public sector is not thinking to improve the quality of services, whereas the crushing national debt calls for urgent cuts in cost of public functionaries. Poor management in federal government has serious consequences. Money is wasted, programs do not work, and Projects do not start or remain uncompleted for umpteen years. That is why Pakistani customers see and observe but assholenot complain. whole the complaints remain unnoticed all suggestions for improvement never get any response.Inside the government as tumesce bad management stifles the morale of internal customer and clay over at that place is designed to kill the initiative. The administrative management of our Government aims overhauling. The season has come to radically change the way, government operates. 2. Total timber in Government By Total grapheme in government we mean lean, decentralize and innovative government where people are flexible, adaptive, and quick to learn new ways when conditions change. They use customer choice and competition to get things done as creatively and effectively as possible.So when we talk about quality management in Federal Government, we too must rely on merchandise based incentives with less focus on conventional new programs. The concept of Total Quality Government goes beyond cost cutting in government. It is choose to apply the article of beliefs and tools of TQM. Many organizations have been fortunate with their TQM initiatives and derived such benefits as reducing costs, increasing productivity and customer satisfactiveness. 3. T QM Application By adopting TQM we will be adequate to(p) to provide the school of thought, mindset, tools and methodologies to Transform effectively.The use of TQM which refers to Performance measurement of organizations Customer management Process control Continuous improvement programs Best management practices This has proved to be an effective strategy for better the performance of not and Government organizations but also public administrations. 2 TQM is seen as the most comprehensive appeal to Quality thinkable for an enterprise. The pillars of Total Quality Management are T Q M T stands for Total. It is the Integration of the Staff, Suppliers, Customers and other Stakeholders.Away from Party-specific Thinking to a more than holistic approach. Q stands for Quality. It is the Quality of the work and the process of the Enterprise leading to Quality of Products. M for Management. It stresses the leadership task Quality and the Quality of leadership. From the enterp rises point of view TQM can be seen as a Leadership Model. there is no single theoretical formalization of total quality, but philosophers provide the middle assumptions, as Discipline and philosophy of management which institutionalizes planned and continuous improvement .It assumes that quality is the outcome of all activities that take place inside an organization that all functions and all employees have to record in the improvement process that organizations need both quality systems and a quality culture. 3 4. Quality Management Systems and Tools Systems and tools systematically inculcate and reinforce the TQ culture within an organization. QM starts with philosophical base-systems and tools are relevant after the philosophy is established. Most of the TQM efforts fail because organizations try to implement TQM techniques (Tools and Systems) without adopting the TQM philosophy.They start the journey from the wrong point. Instead of starting with the philosophy they try to archetypical use the tools and the systems without ensuring that at the very minimum, the philosophy is absorbed by the top management. 4 5. The Concept of Continuous Improvement by TQM TQM is mainly implicated with continuous improvement in all work, from high level strategic planning and decision-making, to detailed execution of work elements on the shop floor. It stems from the belief that mistakes can be avoided and defects can be prevented.It leads to continuously improving results, in all aspects of work, as a result of continuously improving capabilities, people, processes, and technology and machine capabilities. 6. follow through of Other countries Under the cover of TQM, US business and political leaders turned to quality to stay competitive on world market or to reclaim their host markets. Meanwhile like many other agencies, the US defense organizations faced, budget cutbacks and reduced staff. Using Quality management, however these organizations streamlined producers in man areas, increasing morale and saved an impressive amount of money. 5 The Government of Pakistan should try to adopt the process of Total Quality management as the core of its management style to solve its problem and re-structure. Such a strategy is being used in the entire European Union, USA, Japan and other actual countries for sustaining their economic growth. 7. Problems for Quality Initiative in Federal Government Improving service quality without increasing costs is more difficult to achieve in the public sector than it is in the private sector because elected officials must attempt continuously to balance the multiple conflicting goals of diverse interest groups.oer a decade ago Peter Drucker identified six ramparts to productivity improvement. These are Lack of make water performance targets Trying to do too many things at once Solving problems by throwing people at them Lack of experimental attitude Lack of elevation so nothing is learned from it vacillati on to abandon programs 6 If two or more sins are committed simultaneously, then they may lead to program failure. In short the quality approaches requires total changes in traditional management role. Most individuals and organizations in the public sector will find these changes very difficult to implement.Our Public sector organizations are facing more monumental hurdles because The discipline of a competitive global market place that provides incentive for radical changes to business, industry and other managers is missing in our government In many instances, our government prefers to act as protector for enforcement of policies based on political and social grounds. This leads to treat efficiency as secondary. The major barrier to accelerating quality management in government is the lack of strong consensus for change among top officials.They find little time for management issues unless problems directly invade on concerns of administration. 8. Objectives for implementing T QM Principles in Government brass instruments The quality of memorial tablet and government is the top enabler of rapid economic growth and strength of a country. Government must fulfill politically defined missions Enhance social values Deliver critical public betters to citizens The ability of the state to provide efficient and customer focused institution is fundamental to vibrant and broad based markets. In Pakistan there is a public perception that government institution Over promise and under deliver.There is false impression in the public sector about what is meant by efficient and customer focused institutions. Total Quality Management or TQM refers to motley approaches for improving the performance of organizations. Improvements and objectives for implementation of TQM principles in Government of Pakistan (GOP) organizations are as follows 7 Provide Platform for launching Good Governance Program In Pakistan collect to the lack of any organized models, process, lead ership and legal frameworks this aim could not be achieved. Measuring, controlling and mproving performance is specialized function to be addressed on professional basis rather than political grounds. In our country most of problems arise due to the political involvement of individuals. All developed countries tackle good governance through an organizational structure with the aid of professional and legal models. Citizen satisfaction Index The citizens Satisfaction Index of Public assessing the government organizations and offices must be raised continuously. Presently there is no formal method to measure Citizen Satisfaction Index i-e performance of the government.For example, the US government in early 90s started an organized campaign. They set the target to raise the CSI from 67% to 80% in subsequent time of 4 years. They launched a program called Reinventing the government and were successful in raising the CSI close to their target. The GOP needs to establish a framework for good governance and lay the foundation for improving the quality and productivity of public sector. This includes measuring, controlling and improving the performance of government that shall lead to overall increase in Citizen Satisfaction8 Raising the Quality and productivity Levels of GOP With the changing global scenario, the rapidly ontogenesis countries in ASEAN, are giving high priority to improving the quality and productivity levels of Governments. GOP has still not laid any professional foundation for improving its quality and productivity. The Government should join hands with nations with highly efficient and effective government offices. For this purpose training of the Heads of Departments, Promotional Campaigns and performance based rewards, (according to TQM) should be launched. Linking mingled with Federal and Provincial Governments The link of quality and productivity must be established between the federal Government and all the four provinces of Pakistan. Thi s means perseverance of performance goals for the higher authority. 9 9. Requirements of TQM in Government Top Management Commitment Commitment from top management may be the most critical portion in the success of any programs. In any government organization the senior managements commitment is essential and stimulates the implementation of a TQM program.Often, the first step is to convince senior managers of the financial and wider benefits and overcome any barriers that they may have. One of the best ways to do this is to identify obvious areas of cost decrease and environmental improvement and where to make immediate savings through no-cost or low-cost measures. This core element in Total Quality Management system model addresses management commitment. Top management must not only give a lead to the rest of the organization but also hear that the necessary decisions and actions are taken. Only top management has the motivation and the power to effect changes. 10 Employee Inv olvement The government should try to introduce new course of action in which the communication between the top management and employees increases. They should talk to as many employees as possible about their opinions relating to TQ implementation. Through this act top management will be able to assess their knowledge level and what bugs them about the initiatives they have seen in the past. Employees should be asked to give suggestions so that they would be more snarly and supportive new programs. TQM process covers the whole organization so all people will feel their ownership in this case. 11Cultural Transformation The just potential of TQM requires a fundamental cultural change. An organizations culture is the way organization behaves. It is the way everybody walks, talks, thinks and acts in everyday life. The culture of quality organization supports and nourishes the improvement efforts of every group and individual in the organization. The cultural change of an agency to TQ M requires the courage and commitment of leadership in order to implement a vision of values, ideas, goals and processes. Total Quality Government encourages the manager who innovates and motivates the workers who are free to improve and make decisions.But changing the culture is a lot harder than changing the rules and regulations. This is possible by Creating new incentives to accomplish more, through competition and customer choice Shifting focus of control that is empowering employees to use their judgment, supporting them with the tools they need Liberating agencies from burden of over regulations and control Building Awareness TQM generates a whole new corporate culture with an emphasis on customer satisfaction, a goal of unvarying improvement, and commitment to team-building and employee participation at all levels.In a quality organization, the vision, values and systems must be consistent with, and complementary to each other. 12 Empowerment deconcentrate the power to make decisions will energize our government to do everything smart, better, faster and cheaper. GOP policy makers should follow this decentralized approach. This style may reduce or resist employee frustration, increase sense of belonging and enhance morale and productivity of an entire organization. 10. Present Situation in Pakistan Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC)This is the main accreditation body in Pakistan responsible for accreditation of certification agencies, inspection agencies, system auditors and laboratories. It was established in 1999 and became operational in 2001. Its annual budget in 2003-04 was around Rs. 12 million. Out of this Rs. 3. 9 million was used for non-development and Rs. 8. 7 million was used for development. Its manpower is 37 persons. Listed below the table gives a comparison of Pakistans conformity assessment with India Pakistan India Responsible Organization Responsible Organization Reference Pakistan National Accreditation Qua lity Council of India Responsibilities Standards Council (Status) (Status) Number of accredited ISO 17025 3 400 Laboratories Number of accredited ISO Guides 62,66 2 14 Certification Agencies Quality Auditor Registration ISO 17022 Nil Nil Accreditation Bodys own ISO Guide 58/61 In Process Yes competence and Adoption prognosis of above table clearly point towards the lack of performance of PNAC (Pakistan National Accreditation Council). Due to poor performance of this important government organization, weak accreditation has resulted in shifty ISOs certification. This in turn has affected the following aspects Low creditability of certification agencies Testing facilities Inspection agencies Un-regulated quality culture Poor reputation 13 11. RecommendationsThe analysis and judgment of the National and Global scenario clearly leads to following recommendations National Performance Improvement Committee. There must be a pool of national experts in let on industrial and social sectors drawn from across the country on merit basis. The committee should provide top class expertise for creating a vision and centering to all the government organizations. The members of the council should be selected purely on professional and leadership grounds. Development of Public Sector Institutions. The GOP should try to focus on developing clear and concise mission statements and set goals/target for public sector institutions.This conceptual orientation will guide both the strategic direction of the organization and charge up the day to day decisions about what the departments do and how they do it. Differentiation of Performance and Output. There should be clear demarcation between these two aspects. The performance draw should be accepted if the source of collecting and reporting is reliable. It should invariably be related to organizational goals and objectives. The name of the game is Performance Audit. Public Accountability. All government organizations/institutions should be open to public scrutiny and accountability through the competent bodies such as parliamentary committees on various facets of government activities. Restructuring of regulative Mechanism.Traditional regulatory policy should be restructured into softer approaches for the purpose of promoting competitiveness and ensuring protection of environment and overall safety of the society. Use of Information Technology. This powerful tool of governance will aid our government executives to break down isolatory layers and expedite the delivery of services. New management system can transform our government. It will not only make it more productive but also cut the cost of government. Adoption of Customer first Approach. The quality organizations must learn to listen to the customers and help customers articulate their needs. Public sector department need to restructure their basic and routine functions to meet the customer need. Redefine the role of Auditors.Performance auditors should change their approach from pure inspection and auditing to helping the government departments to learn to perform better De-regulation and Empowerment. Federal and provincial Government should empower public agencies and institutions. Time tested principle of authority commensurate with responsibility should never be lost sight of. Re-engineering the Work and Office routines. The organizations should re-examine their programs and routines with a view to eliminating duplication of efforts and giving up obsolete ways of doing business. Facilitation of Economic Activity. Favorable environment should be created for public and private sector companies for their growth and expansion in the world market. Support entrepreneurial Activity. The GOP should make an endeavor to be in-step with global developments in the realm of business and public policy. Support positive initiatives required for industries and firms to continuously adapt and adjust their organizations and structures. For this we need to implement policies which move from conformity to competitiveness 12. Conclusion The extent to which various public sector organizations the values, principles and practices of TQM are variable in the extreme. In actual there is more talk than action so far. Many organizations still have no clear idea of the potential and purpose behind utilizing TQM.There are definite signs of eagerness on the part of public managers to move faster. The lack of organization-wide leadership, in quality is however the main stumbling block. It is too early to tell how our citizens would oppose and perhaps even would care to react on the direct benefits resulting from the governments quality initiatives. Nevertheless the race for quality in government sector organizations is far from over it has just begun. Bibliography 1. Tichey, N. (1983). Managing Strategic Change. New York John Wiley & Sons. 2. Mathew, S. (1973). Total Quality Manageme nt in the Industrial Sector, National Productivity Review. 3. Hill Stephen, (1991). why Quality Circles failed but Total Quality management might succeed. British journal of industrial relations. 4. James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay The Management and Control of Quality. Sixth Edition. 5. Dale H. Besterfield, hum Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. Total Quality Management. Third Edition 6. Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model by Nadeem Yousaf 7. Quality, Productivity and Standards by working(a) stem for MTDF. 8. Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities by Dr. Ali Sajid 9. An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control 0. Gaining Perspectives the future of TQM in Public sectors by Madhav N. Sinha 11. TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach by Dr. Jamshed Khan. 1 Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities by Dr. Ali Saj id 2 Quality, Productivity and Standards by Working Group for MTDF. 3 Dale H. Besterfield, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. Total Quality Management. Third Edition 4 TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach by Dr. Jamshed Khan 5 Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities by Dr.Ali Sajid 6 Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities by Dr. Ali Sajid 7 Quality, Productivity and Standards by Working Group for MTDF. 8,Quality, Productivity and Standards by Working Group for MTDF. 9 Quality, Productivity and Standards by Working Group for MTDF. 10 Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model by Nadeem Yousaf 11 James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay The Management and Control of Quality. Sixth Edition. 12 An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control 13 Quality, Productivity and Standards by Working Group for MTDF.

Role of Leadership in Advanced Practice in Nursing

Contained herein is an analysis of role of leading in advanced practice in learning. This is in understanding that lack of leadership in high-pitchedly specialised nursing situation is mots likely to lead to ineffective provision of services to patients. agree to Sofarelli (2005) advanced practice in nursing has the sheer of incorporating individuals with deep understanding of all or specific areas of nursing practice. These individuals end up being relied upon in their respective stations to help deliver high quality healthcare services to patients. These practitioners are further tasked with the responsibility of developing strategies to be applied in the future.However, their capacity to deliver is in most cases modify by lack of proper leadership skills. This analysis will therefore highlight trine of the most common nursing leadership theories that could aid in helping professionals in advanced practice to effectively lead respective departments of institutions to better p ositions of meeting patient needs.Having professionals incorporate these theories in their day-to-day activities places them in positions of spill similar knowledge to pursuit, especially the new ones in nursing profession. In other words, the process of using leadership skills effectively ends up improving professionalism.The three nursing leadership to be discussed in this analysis includes leader-follower, quantum, and transformationaleach would be discussed independently. The theories are being included herein because of their proven effectiveness in achieving results. According to Porter (2007) the use of nursing theories reminds professionals about the silk hat practices when carrying diverse activities. Individuals choose the theory to choose or even combine several approaches into hybrid leadership skills.In addition, professionals could embark on developing ways and means of having own leadership styles that do not fit with the theories discussed in this paper. The hybri d system could be achieved on purpose by individuals or institutions it could also be as a result of lack of proper knowledge of the theories. Results could, however, differ depending on the ability of using best practices in theory applications.Quantum leadership theory is mostly used in decision making processes and states that professionals need to look for own problem solving processes in the beginning seeking help from colleagues or seniors in respective work environment (Perra, 2001).In other words, the theory tends to initiate leadership in individual professionals, especially those in advanced practice. Fact that these individuals are usually tasked with the responsibility of leading others in various work situations means that they would have to solve problems in collaboration with the followers instead of running to respective superiors for help.Senior professionals in respective departments of institutions can therefore concentrate on other issues as nurses solve problem s independently. The senior management in healthcare institutions could, for instance, concentrate on more important issues such as strategy development and implementation (Kitson, 2001).ReferencesBrown, K. (2005). The Leader in nurse. Nursing Administration, 11(4), 91-115.Brown, M. (2003). Needs in nursing leadership to improve effectiveness. Nursing instruction, 16(6), 101-108.Clifford, J. and Hastings, C (2000). Top trends predicted in nursing leadership. Nurse Management, 20(3), 16-24.Decker, M. (2004). Key to Quality Leadership. Nursing Administration, 22(3), 50-62.Smith, J. (2003). Effective Leadership & Management of Nursing. Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall.Kerfoot, C. (2001). Nursing Leadership and theory. Journal of Nursing, 5(2), 64-70.Kitson, A., (2003). Leadership in nursing & how it influence health policy & nursing practice. Advanced Nursing 29, 700-723.Mohr, W. (2000). Fading in Nursing Leadership. Journal of Nursing Management, 40, 100-127.Perra, G. (2001). Future of Healthcare Leadership & Quantum Mechanics. Nursing Administration, 22(3), 16-22.Porter, G. (2007). New Roles in Quantum Leadership. Nursing Administration, 32(11), 30-43.Sofarelli, S. (2005). Consequences of Nurse Shortage in Medical Centers. Daily Bruin, 27(4), 14-26.

Gender Discrimination Essay

How can you balance change by reversal and having a support? Balancing work and life you engender to build downtime into your schedule. Make a point to spend time with family and friends. zeal up activities that everyone can do and you can combine the two. Set goals, plan and organize what should come first. Having your goals set is much easier than to only when go day to day. Work/Life balance is altogether about flexibility, but to have flexibility you need a support system around you. Both at work and at lieu. If you dont have the support its harder to deal. Having structure is important because it brings certainty into your world. Without structure life is a bit more chaotic.You then find that you use both physical and emotional vitality to bring meaning and clarity to different situations. A good way to improve on your skills is to write things down. It may help you balance out your day, week, or even a whole month. Manage is a world which comes from experience. There b e people who took things as they come and manage them accordingly. It is a will military group and self-confidence which play a dice game here. Considering women are good managers when they balanced office and home life. Women have a lot going on when it comes to life period. In a large majority of families with children, both parents work, and women now hold half of all jobs. Majority of the time women do more of home caregiving then men.Some men think longs as they bring home the bacon thats all they need to do. Not at all, women work 40 hours a week, have to get kids ready for school, cook, clean, ECT. In my case school to for the adult and Im a single parent. Its so many issues and that unaccompanied can cause tension in yourrelationship. Many women assume that the men in their lives pick up signals and hints about stuff like needing help at the house, and many men (not all, but honestly most that Ive had any kind of close relationship with) just arent good with those signals. I pronounce its a classic issue within genders as well it seems like many people assume that theyre sending out all kinds of signals to their boss that they want to move up, or have too big a workload, or whatever, those signals arent getting picked up on their end, and then we just get more and more frustratedThis should help people get a better understanding of working out your life and work life so that they both can balance. Everyones situation is different but itll all come together if you prioritize your life balance. Many people are able to accommodate work and home. You can solve your work life problem if your home life is up to par.Pat Katepoo, Founder, WorkOptions.comhttp//www.womensconference.org/a-flexible-work-life/Year Published 2008 Melanie Hawks is the larn and Development Coordinator at the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah.

Comparer shopping Saudi Arabia

The coupled States and Saudi Arabia both have their own unique office of grazeping. It is not common t eyelid we in AKA are spend an hour or more in front of the computer screen looking for c bay windowhes, shoes and other personal items like furniture, cars, and audio systems.However, in the United States I think that many people like to shop online from Amazon or others companies online. First of all, based on this simple fact, I believe hat there is a difference between Saudi Arabia and the United States about how people like to shop. For instance, in Saudi Arabia there are more than 10 malls in each city that has more than 10,000 people. Rather than in America, Saudi Arabia has many more place for you to buy these items like many more enclothe stores, stores for shoes etc.On the other hand, I have lived in three states which include Kentucky, Texas and New York. Each city has more than 10. 000 people, but all of the cities have no more than two malls. So to me, Saudi people like to go out for shopping rather than shopping online like Americans. Secondly, there is a lot of web sites that many people in America use to find vehicles. For Instance, Internet browser sites like cars. Amend scraggliest can help people shop around and search for certain cars, such as Honda, Toyota and Ionians, but In Saudi Arabia there are no web sites like that at all. So In conclusion, to me America spends much more time doing online shopping than our country where people would spend time In the malls with our family and friends. Finally, I think that everyone has their own way of shopping and which way they would Like to shop. Aimed Littoral, September, 25 14

Linguistics writing Essay

Literacy is the ability to read and write1. The inability to do so is called analphabetism or analphabetism. Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,2 pictures, maps, and video. Evolving definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a coordination compound set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community development.In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems. These abilities start in different social and cultural contexts according to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, skilful process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is learning development, a progre ssion of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the mystical understanding of text.Reading development involves a range of daedal language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), recite patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for information fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed cloth with critical analysis, inference and synthesis to write with accuracy and coherence and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought.3 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, broadcast and compute, using printed and written real(a)s associated with qualifying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their experience and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. 4Literacy is the ability to read and write1. The inability to do so is called analphabetism or analphabetism.Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,2 pictures, maps, and video. Evolving definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a conglomerate set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community development. In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems.These abilities transform in different social and cultural contexts accord ing to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, gifted process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is teaching development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the hidden understanding of text.Reading development involves a range of thickening language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), recite patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for yarn fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed textile with critical analysis, inference and synthesis to write with accuracy and coherence and to use information and insights from text as the ba sis for informed decisions and creative thought.3 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, propound and compute, using printed and written visibles associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their companionship and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. 4 Literacy is the ability to read and write1. The inability to do so is called analphabetism or analphabetism.Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,2 pictures, maps, and video. Evolving definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a complex set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community de velopment. In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems.These abilities vary in different social and cultural contexts according to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, understanding process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is schooling development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the kabbalistic understanding of text.Reading development involves a range of complex language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phonology), spell out patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for culture fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquir ed the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed material with critical analysis, inference and synthesis to write with accuracy and coherence and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought.3 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, hap and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their association and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. 4 Literacy is the ability to read and write1. The inability to do so is called analphabetism or analphabetism.Visual literacy includes in addition the ability to understand visual forms of communication such as body language,2 pictures, maps, and video. Evolvi ng definitions of literacy often include all the symbol systems relevant to a particular community. Literacy encompasses a complex set of abilities to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture for personal and community development. In a technological society, the concept of literacy is expanding to include the media and electronic text, in addition to alphabetic and number systems.These abilities vary in different social and cultural contexts according to need, demand and education. The primary sense of literacy still represents the lifelong, intellectual process of gaining meaning from a critical interpretation of the written or printed text. Key to all literacy is education development, a progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words, and culminates in the thick-skulled understanding of text.Reading development involves a range of complex language underpinnings including awareness of speech sounds (phon ology), recite patterns (orthography), word meaning (semantics), grammar (syntax) and patterns of word formation (morphology), all of which provide a necessary platform for variation fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired the reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to approach printed material with critical analysis, inference and synthesis to write with accuracy and coherence and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought.3 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, slip away and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their association and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society. 4