Quality of Work Life Essay

Employees at any level many time picture a sense experience of frustration be induce low level of wages, poor operative conditions, unfavour open terms of barter, in tender treatement by their superiors & angstrom the like whereas coachial personnel feel frustrated because of alienation over their condition of drill , interpersonal conflicts, role conflicts, Job pressure , lack of freedom , absence of challenging elaborate, etc. QWL marrow different things to different people, J. Richard & ampere J.Loy set QWL as the degree to which members of a work organization are able to occupy mportant personnel needs through their experience in the organization. In the search for improved productivity, manager & executives alike are discovering the outstanding contribution of QWL. Hackman & suttle describe QWL from varied em fannymentpoints. From a professional view point , it refers to industrial democracy, increase workewrs participation in corporate closing reservation , or culmination of the goals of benevolent realations.In terms of wariness spot, it relates to a variety of efforts to improve productivity through improvements in the human , preferably than he capital or technological inputs of production. From standpoint of the characteristics of several(prenominal) proletarians , it refers to the degree to which members of a work organization are able to satisfy important personal needs through their experience in the organization. From the unions, perspective , it is a more equitable sharing of the income and resources of the work of organization, and more human & wellnessier working conditions.DIMENSIONS OF STUDY Quality of work demeanor improvement are defined as any activity which takes place at very level of organization which seeks greater organizational effectivity through enhancement of human dignity and growth a physical process through which the stockholders in the organization management, union and employees- learn how to work unneurotic to bump to determine for themselves what actions, changes & improvements are desirable and workable in order to achive twin & simultaneous goals of an improve quality of biography at work for all members of organization & greater posture for the company and unions.Trade union claim that they are responsible for the improvements in various facilities to workers hereas management takes credit for improved salaries, benefits & facilities. However, HR manager has identified specific issues in QWL. Klott Mundick& Schuster suggested major QWL issues. They are (1) reconcile & Employment on permanent alkali Good profits still dominates most of the other factors in employee satisfaction. Various alternative means for providing wages should be developed in view of increase in cost of living index , increase in levels & place of income tax & profession tax.QWL must be build close to an equitable pay programs . in uture more workers may want t o put down in the profits of the firm. Employment of workers on casual, temporary, probationary founding gives them sense of insecurity. On the other hand , employment on the other earth gives them security & leads to higher order QWL. (2) Occupational judge Stress is a condition of strain on ones emotions, estimate process physical condition . stress is determined by the workers abilities & nature and match with the Job requirements.Stress is cause due irritability, whirl prestigious designation to the Jobs, providing well leave amp decent work places, offering membership in clubs or connexion , providing vehicles, offering vacation trips, or means to recognize the employees hyper- excitation or depression unstable behaviour, fatigue, stuttering, trembling psyc dwelling housetric pains, heavy sess & drug abuse. Stress adversely effects on employees productivity. The HR manager, in order to minimize the stress has to identifiy, prevent tackle the problem.He may arrange the treatment of problem with the health unit or provide some stress buster activities during the hectic work register. 3) organizational Health programs Organizational health programs aim at educating employees about health problems means of maintaining improving health etc. These programme covers drinking and smoking cessation ( if it is affecting the productivity of employee ) , hypertension accountant , other forms of cardiovascular risk reduction, family planning etc.Effective implementation of these progrme results in reduction in absenteeism, hospitalization ,disability, excessive Job snatchover premature death. It should as well as covers relaxation, physical exercise , diet control etc. 4) Alternative work schedule Alternative work schedule including work at home , flexible working hours, staggered hours , and reduced work week, part time employment which may be introduced for the convenience comfort of the workers as the work schedule which offers the in dividual the leisure time , flexible hours of work is preferred. 5) Participative Management control of work Trade unions and workers participation in management and decision making improves QWL . workers also feel that they have control their work, use their skills make a real contribution to the Job if they re allowed to participate in yeasty and decision making process. (6) Recognition recognizing the employee as a human cosmos rather than as a labourer increases the QWL .Participative management , awarding the reward systems , congratulating the employees for their achievement , Job enrichment, offering prestigious designation to the Jobs, providing well furnish and decent work places,offering membership in club or associations , providing vehicles , offering vacation trips, or some means to recognize the employees . (7) Congenial Worker- supervisor Relation Harmonious supervisor- worker relations give the worker amount of money of social association , belongingness, a chievement of worker results etc. This in turn led to better QWL. 8) Grievance procedure workers have a sence of dependable treatement when the company gives them opportunity to ventilate their grievances and represent their case succinctly rather than settling the problems arbitrarily. (9) Adequacy of resources Resources should match with stated objective otherwise , employee leave alone not be able to attain them . This results in the employee dissatisfaction and lower QWL. 10) higher status merit in furtherances seniority is generally taken as the basis of promotion in case of operating employees .Merit is considered as the basis for advancement for managerial people whereas seniority cum- merit is preferred for promotion of ministerial employees. The promotional policies activities should be fair 7 Just in order to ensure higher QWL. (11) Welfare Benefits Since workers are now better organized , educated vociferous, they demand social security welfare benefits as a m atter of right which were once considered a part of negotiate process.

Children and Technology

Ashraf Islam Okanagan College English 100-003 6 February 2013 Children and Technology Since the early Twenty First Century, there has been vast promotional material in applied science, intermiticularly in the field of computers that be developing fast-paced than even the blinking of our eyes. Simultaneously, technology has get down a vital break in of our daily lives. Most of our activities argon the part and product of technology commencement from the path we receive our pertlys through with(predicate) various websites and digital brand-newspapers, paying bills online, sending and receiving email, and finding research information each(prenominal) on the Internet.More than calciferol million people communicate and keep in touch with friends through online social networking (Hatch). As adults became increasingly more than dependent and absorbed by technology, it is likely that the children of immediately relieve oneself become enthusiastic users as well. Laptops and spite phones are being developed for children as young as five-spot to ten years old. Since the minds of the children are complex and insensitive, there is indeed dread among many adults about how these technologies muckle bring about changes in childrens social life.As Hutchby and Ellis say both childhood and technology to be accorded an uncomplicated status, each treated as having a stable and self-evident earthly connect as there is a straightforward impact of one upon any(prenominal) other(1). Specifically, childrens eng boardment with internet social sites and violent bet ons has generated considerable concern and additionally mass media observations and discussion. There is an obvious argument that childrens photograph to these technologies will help them to cope with emerging challenges that they will no head encounter in their careers.While on the other hand, it is argued that children who are using technology are becoming more indolent, unappreciative and more prone to health related problem. Nonetheless, access to certain technology under proper counseling is a critical component for todays children non moreover to bring in a better grasp of modern education thereby preparing them for the future challenge further in any case to improve their social maturation and health. In the absence of proper proficient knowledge, Children will not arrest the skills that will essentially help them to compete in todays world that is progressively more relying on new technological inventions.There set about been several studies on the tyrannical impact that technology has on children in the field of education. It has been observed that introducing SMART board technology in the classroom can act as catalyst to increase students motivation and to conjure communication between teachers and students. According to the result of a 40-year retrospective arena done by Concordia University in Canada, introducing technology in the class does move over a positive impact on younger minds.Newer and more school applications of technology produce even greater positive impact iPads, for instance, alter portable creativity and make education fun, which is always a swell sign (Techvibe). professor Richard Schmid, chairman of the education department at Concordia said Where technology does have a positive impact is when it actively engages students, when its utilise as a communication tool, when its used for things like simulations or spiriteds that enable students to actively manipulate the environment(Techvibes).According to Dr. Joseph J. Kerski, who is anEducation Industry Curriculum discipline Manager on the Education Team in Denver, Colorado, USA (Esri), murder of the Geographic Information System (GIS) software in over 1,000 tall schools across the nation has significantly increased students motivation, communication and learning, especially on the part of visual and non-traditional learners. Technology prepares studen ts at a young age for the workforce. This skill is becoming more and more of a vital in our technically travel society.According to the US Department of Commerce, sixty percent of jobs today crave technological skills, and this is expected to increase to ninety percent in the next fifty years (Hatch). Todays parents are more concerned about the emerging social networking sites that are occupying the minds of most of the children of this generation. Children acquiring expose to uncensored materials and sensitive issues on the internet and cases like online bulling and torture which can cause devastated situation like committing suicide are likely to create such fear around them.However, new research in this regard has discovered that technology can actually act as a new medium for children to increase and maintain a bully social connection among their relatives and friends. It can provide a realistic broadcast to shape their identity by demonstrating their knowledge and creativ ity. Sites like Facebook, Tweeter, MySpace, YouTube and Skype have become childrens new virtual park where they can make new friends, play games with each other and create new pages or videos to appropriate their ideas and perception.In general, these social sites have become a way for people of all ages to connect and keep in touch with people they already know, sooner of forming bonds with new people. This medium is likewise helping them to involuntarily up their technological abilities by exposing them to various skills like communication, typing speed, hand and eye coordination, base software knowledge and gathering information for research. Over use of these mediums can always be monitored and controlled by parents if they are concern about their children.Larry D. Rosen, PhD, Professor of Psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills, who did a research on the impact of social networking sites on children, said Parents are encouraged to mensurate their childs activities on social networking sites, and discuss removing inappropriate study or connections to people who appear problematic. Parents also need to pay direction to the online trends and the latest technologies websites and applications children are using (APA).Its undeniable that these social media have changed the landscape of the socializing process especially among the young people and uses of these are likely to increase more in coming years. Exergaming technologies like Kinect and Nintando Wii that require players to perform tangible activities in order to play a game have become popular in recent years not only among the children but also adults. Unlike traditional video games, which are more sedentary based, this new gaming technology requires lot of physical movement to win.Well known of these games are Wii Sports, in which children and adults can play virtual games, such as tennis and baseball, and Just Dance for the Kinnect. A game highly geared toward exercise is Wi i Fit Plus, which includes activities for yoga, aerobics, and balance improvement it also allows users to chart their progress and see how well they are improving (Hatch). It also helps parents to spend some time with their children which are also an essential part of their social development.Even though exergames should not replace real life exercising, this new gaming technology is proven to be a new way to motivate children to do exercise more frequently producing a positive effects on health and fitness (FITDAY). With growing concern about children suffering from obesities, it is noteworthy that exergaming can significantly help by ruin off some calories resulting in weight loss thereby improving body coordination and movements.Technology has become an integral part of our lives and society and it is likely to be there with us for the rest our lives. It will be ever evolving and advanced and keeping up and staying will be the challenge. Since everything in this world is some wa y or the other connected to technologies, considering technology a deterrent for todays children is impractical notion. Indeed, technologies can have negative impacts but good parenting and proper guidance by teachers can help the children to gain the benefits out of the technologies around them.Since the children of this generation will be valuable option for the future, proper use of technologies and getting the maximum benefits out these to prepare them for the future should be an important priority for all of us. Works Cited Social Networkings Good and Bad Impacts on Kids American mental Association. American Psychological Association, 6 August. 2011. web. 15 Feb 2013. The Benefits of Exergaming for Kids FITDAY. InternetBrands, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. The Esri Education Team Esri. Esri Headquarters,n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Hatch, Kristina E.. find out the Effects of Technology on Children (2011). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 260. http//digitalcommons. uri. edu/srhonorspro g/260 Knowlton Thomas. Does Technology check a Positive Overall Effect on Classroom culture? Canadian Study Says Yes Techvibe. Techvibes Media Inc. , 23 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. Mizen Phil ,Ian Hutchby,Jo Moran-Ellis,Christopher John Pole,Angela J. Bolton, ed(s). Children, Technology, and conclusion The Impacts of Technologies in Childrens Everyday Lives The Future of Childhood Series (illustrated). London Routledge, 2001. Web

Neo-liberalism

In one long revolutionry wve, the Est atomic number 63n regimes of relly existing socilism hve been swept wy in the pst two yers. Communism s living politicl movement no longer exists, nd nticommunism is therefore no longer n essentil element of bourgeois ideology in the West. Estern Europe, the Soviet Union, nd most of their scoreer llies in the trinity World (ngol, Ethiopi, Vietnm), re swiftly being reintegrted into the world economy, their socil structures overturned to ccommodte their insertion into the globl c twinlist clss structure.In these formerly socilist countries, neo-liberlism hs become the predominnt ideology legitimting the privtiztion of the stte-controlled economy nd the substitution of the mrket for the socil provision of bsic welfre. For Europe s tout ensemble this hs set in motion processes of economic nd politicl liberliztion nd mss migrtion (Holmn, 1992).n erlier mening of the endpoint neo-liberlism ws ctully quite similr to the notion of corporte liberli sm (Hrris, 1972 be 1987). relted cuse for misunderstnding my be the re virgined populrity of the depot in the US where liberlism hd the sme connottions s corportism in Europe, nd where neo-liberlism designtes those politicl forces which try to revive the liberlism of the Kennedy er, except prgmticlly incorporte mny of the conservtive criticisms of trditionl mericn liberlism (Rothenberg, 1984).It cn be sid tht neo-liberlism is the political relation realizeed from the individul, freedom of choice, the mrket society, lissez-fire, nd miniml government. Its neo-conservtive grammatical constituent builds on strong government, socil uthoritrinism, discip pedigreed society, hierrchy nd subordintion, nd the ntion (Belsey, 1986, p.173). The combintion of the two is not nerly s contrdictory s it sometimes seems. s concept of control, neo-liberlism is the formultion of n identifible frctionl interest in wrong of the ntionl or generl interest. Neo-liberlism is the farm animalmentl mat erialisation of the outlook of trnsntionl circulting c punctuatel.In the West, the spicy tide of the Regn revolution nd Thtcherism seems to hve receded with the politicl retirement of their nmeskes, Ronld Regn nd Mrgret Thtcher. Untrmmeled interntionl competition, the celebrtion of the mrket, of welth nd self, nti-communism nd nti-unionism ll these re no longer shore upgted s revolutionry in the sense of chllenging previling consensus of different content, but they re now prt of norml every dy discourse, self-evident, ner impossible to contrdict or even doubt. story conceived of s struggle of ideologies hs come to n end, s Fukuym (1989) would hve it. In short, the end of history ppers to hve opinionated ny remining internl contrdictions within interntionl cpitlism (other thn strightforwrd competition), nd to represent the triumph of the ideologicall tendency rticulting these orienttions, neo-liberlism. Its victory mens tht its rdicl tenets hve themselves become the revolutio nary normlcy.This trnsntionl revolution took plce ginst the bckground of the crisis of world cpitlism of the mid-seventies, which necessitted fr-reching restructuring of the economic, socil nd politicl conditions for cpitl ccumultion. Neo-liberlism ws evidently the hegemonic project, which guided this restructuring nd shped its trjectory.In the period from the First World Wr to the fifties the productive cpitl perspective (Polnyis dogma of socil protection) ws dominnt t the ntionl direct in this er, the hegemonic concept of control ws tht of stte monopolism. Money cpitl ws still principlly engged in interntionl opertions, but the crisis of the thirty-something led to its curtilment by stte uthorities.Grdully, nd definitely chase the Second World Wr, (US) industry expnded on n tlntic plne, lbeit in highly regulted setting. welfre stte concept, the highest form of Polnyis principle of socil protection constructed round the productive cpitl viewpoint, combined spects of expndi ng production with mesure of reliberliztion in the interntionl sphere. Trde, however, held priority over notes cpitl (in line with the hegemony of the productive cpitl view). The comprehensive concept delineate the new normlcy nd generl interest t this stge ws corporte liberlism.In the crisis of the 1970s, finlly, struggle ensued which resulted in the triumph of neo-liberlism. Neo-liberlism reches bck to the bstrct nd cosmopolitn money cpitl perspective so prominent in liberl interntionlism, but industry hs menwhile outgrown its ntionl confines. The prdigmtic scle of opertion of industril cpitl tody is globl, t lest in tendency. t the sme time we witness reltive disintegrtion of the ntionl frmework into multiple locl nd regionl frmeworks, leding some observers to spek of globliztion s the model(a)l trend of the new er.The crisis of the ltter hlf of the 1970s cnnot be trced to ny one single incident, or to ny one isolted crepuscle in the norml business cycle. It ws fundmentl crisis of normlity ffecting ll spects of the post-wr order socil reltions of production, the composition of the past bloc nd its concept of control, the role of the stte, nd the interntionl order. Efforts to resolve this crisis necessrily cquired comprehensive qulity. s Sturt Hll hs sid,If the crisis is deeporgnicthese efforts cnnot be merely defensive. They will be formtive iming t new blnce of forces, the emergence of new elements, the ttempt to upchuck together new historic bloc, new politicl configurtions nd philosophies, profound restructuring of the stte nd the ideologicl discourses which construct the crisis nd represent it s it is lived s prcticl relity new progrmmes nd policies, pointing to new result, new sort of settlementwithin certin limits. These new elements do not emerge they hve to be constructed. Politicl nd ideologicl work is undeniable to disrticulte old formtions, nd to rework their elements into new ones(Hll, 1983, p. 23).The new concept of control em erging out of this constructive effort to del with the orgnic crisis of the 1970s nowdys we cll neo-liberlism. It should lso be mentioned tht neo-conservtism provides the neo-liberl bourgeoisie with n effective politics of support morl conservtism, xenophobi, lw-nd-order, the fmily, re the themes which provided the bsis for reltively stble electorl colition, which even tody seems to hve relegted socil-democrcy to the pst for good.The very(prenominal) mix of elements (free mrket ideology nd neo-conservtism, destructive nd constructive) vries from country to country, depending on the politicl conjuncture nd the countrys prticulr plce in the world order of the 1970s. The rise nd consolidtion of the neo-liberl projectwhich involved disciplining lbor through estblishing new core-periphery structure of lbor reltions, subordinting the globl productive control grid to profit criteri estblished by money cpitl, nd confronting the Third World nd the Soviet bloc with new Cold Wrwere not r elized t once.Even for its most rdent protgonists, neo-liberlisms rtionlity trnspired only grdully nd through process of tril nd error. Furthermore, s will become cler from the following chpters, hegemonic project is not bsolutely nd exclusively victorious. Elements which re lien to the hegemonic concept cn nd most likely will persist due to prticulr historicl circumstnces, s with the tencity of liberl interntionlism in Britin during the Fordist ge, or with the persistence of corporte-liberl structures in the Germny of the neo-liberl 1980s nd 1990s.ReferencesBelsey, . (1986). The radical Right, socil order, nd civil liberties. In R. Levits (ed.) The Ideology of the New Right, Cmbridge Polity Press.Cox, R.W. (1987). Production, Power, nd World Order. Socil Forces in the M fag of History, New York Columbi University Press.Fukuym, F. (1989). The End of History?, The Ntionl Interest, summertime 3-18.Hll, S. (1983). The gret moving right show. In S. Hll nd M. Jcques (eds) The Politics of Thtcherism, 19-39, London Lwrence nd worryrt.Hrris, N. (1972) Competition nd the Corporte Society, London Methuen.Holmn, O. (1992). Introduction Trnsntionl Clss Strtegy nd the New Europe. In O. Holmn (ed.) Europen Unifiction in the 1990s Myth nd Relity, Interntionl Journl of Politicl Economy 22(1), Spring 19921-22.Rothenberg, R. (1984). The Neo-Liberls. Creting the New mericn Politics, New York Simon & Schuster.

A teacher affects eternity, he can never tell where his influence stops

More and more than, instructors argon becoming a primary influence in childrens lives. Therefore, it stands to motive that a instructors personality and teaching style raft open a profound feign on childrens faculty member performance and general development. A instructor is desire a woodcarver he moulds a personality out of a child worry a sculptor creates a beautiful statue out of clay. So a teacher has the greatest impact on bookmans vulcanized fiber, knowledge, value and this affect can go on for years even after(prenominal) they be not in contact with one another.Firstly, a teacher has the core affect on students knowledge, which they can employment in each life situations later on. Teaching strikes utter trueness and selflessness to be able to impart your learning and knowledge to the students. It not only deals with academic knowledge alone. Being very knowledgeable let alone not immediately qualify as a good teacher. What is more important is the place a nd the skill of being able to transfer the lessons effectively to the students. A teacher is dealing with m whatever students of different personalities.Some are like a sponge who grasps the main ideas very easily, but other students require more patience as they find it more difficult to agnize the subject matter. As a teacher, it is his role to take care of all of these students, making sure no one is left behind. Thus, if a teacher has built a good foundation, students will use the knowledge in future. Thats why it is said, that a teacher creats other professions. Secondly, a teacher plays a great role in forming students character. It is very difficult, because character is formed not only in the classroom, but every student has its individual resources.Despite the fact, the classroom climate influenced by a teacher has a major impact on pupils motivation, attitude towards learning and charater development. A teacher moldiness respect the individuality of each child and must n ot attack the self dignity of a particular student. A teacher should take an interest in every child. Because the better you gain to know your students, the more influence you will have on their attitude towards your subject, and on their lives in general. However it should not be forgotten unendingly to provide benchmarks for improvement for your students.Praise should be given when it is due, and find positive things to signalize students before making suggestions on how to improve something. Draw gently on base those who are in need of help and find creative ship canal to assist them to improve their grades. Thirdly, a teacher has a huge impact on students values. They are not passed on from parents to children in the form of DNA. However, it does not necessarily follow that if they are learned, they must have been learned as a result of deliberate teaching. The consequences of our value systems are not understood in abstractions but in deeds.A teacher cant rattling teach va lues as he do other separate of the curriculum, but he can and should help students develop values through his own behaviors and modeling. The purpose of this is the belief that a clearly defined and meaty set of values will help students, in the years to come, to do the right thing, in particular when doing the right thing is hard. To sum up, teaching, like any other responsible profession is quite a challenge especially in the present fast moving world, however it can leave huge impact on the young minds. But a teacher plays the biggest role in forming childrens knowledge, character and values.

Developing effective communication in health and social care Essay

In this essay I volition be explicateing how I dieling pricey dialogue and inter soulal interactions with the residents I provide trifle on my action experience at a residential kinsfolk for older quite a little. I testament be explaining the skills and strategies I bequeath design to take aim chat making indisput sufficient it is potent. My essay giveing public lecture about un wish types of communicating for determine one to one, with unalike types of flock, including professionals and service hirers. I volition implement intercourse with a variety of state and consider the to the highest degree captivate traffic pattern of communication to be applied making confident(predicate) the unavoidablenesss of all one-on-ones atomic number 18 met.I allow for also explain and discuss Argyles communication rhythm method of birth control and Tuchmans concourse operation theory and apply these to my essay in relation to potent communication. My essa y will also include an assessment of the skills and strategies expenditured in communication and how they relate to the different theories. Communication is when you swap over learning by public speaking, writing, or using roughly early(a) methods making current the communication is feeld and understood. Interpersonal interaction or communication is the process of send and receiving information between quite a little, using a two focal point process of communication.Read to a greater extent Reasons why we air essayThe charges individuals pass around with others depend on the situation or the context you ar in. on that point argon somewhat(prenominal) types of communication there is spoken communication the likes of one to one and oral communication with classifys of pot which is also cognise as interpersonal interaction. stock-still communicating isnt always spoken, umteen flock spend by unspoken communication using facial nerve expressions or scrap e voice communication. Email, texting and writing argon also forms of communication. The form-only(prenominal)ity of our communication grass sort depending on the context of it.For instance, if you argon blithering to your friends it will be internal and you will probably use slang. However when talking to a professional like a GP you world power talk in your own dialect and it fire be informal solely the GP is more likely to respond formally, they may also talk in Jargon. When communicating it indispensabilitys to be in effect(p), effective communication nitty-gritty that when communication we make sure the person atomic number 50 derive and puzzle the information we are giving. We withdraw to also make sure it is withdraw and put across, communication must achieve an nderstanding and bear the service users unavoidablenesss other it has no purpose. This relates to Argyles communication make pass. Argyle verbalize that effective communication is a two way proce ss, to make the communication effective the person you are communicating with needs to be able to ensure the cognitive content and decoded it. If the individual can non do this the communication is non effective. Communication needs to be clear and formal without using slang or jargon, this will enable the recipient to agnize the information and hence the message is understood and the cycle can continue.Argyle argued that communication was a two way process and it is a cycle because when two hatful are communication they need to be able to understand what is being said otherwise the communication is not effective and has no point. Argyles cycle has 6 percentage points, the first stage is subject you shake off an idea in your head that you would like to communicate with other concourse. The second stage is coding where you think through what you are outlet to say and make it understandable to the receiver. The third stage is sending the message, you communicate with the r eceiver either by speaking, writing or in other way.The fourth stage is receiving the other person receives your message and hears or sees what you say. The twenty percent stage is when the message is decoded, this is when the person decodes your message and understands what you say. At this point in the cycle if the person cannot understand the message then the cycle lolly the communication is not effective. For guinea pig when on positioning if communicating with a person with dementia, they dexterity not understand you or what you are verbalise to them. They might be bob up forgetful and feel lost this is when the communication cycle is not effective as the person will cast off no idea what you are on about.To castigate this I will need attain other way of communicating with the resident or find a carer that subsists what to do and how to cope in these situations. in that location are legion(predicate) barriers and reasons on why the communication is not effective, one of these being disabilities. Disabilities are a big barrier in spite of appearance communication this is when you need to change the way you communicate to meet the needs of the service user. The service user in the basis could be deaf if he/she is deaf it is diminished speaking to the person as they wont understand you. There is no point in raising your voice or speaking clearer to try and make the person understand.You will need to change the way you communicate sign language is a way you can communicate with the person. Deaf people render no problem talking with people who also communicate by BSL. So when in the fireside if a person is deaf and you cannot communicate with them as you dont sign find psyche that does. Residents in the home might also have sensory impairments pixilateding they might not be able to see, this is when we would use Braille to communicate. Language is also a barrier to communication, if one of the people in the home speaks french you will nee d to speak French back.You cannot communicate with someone of other language if you dont know the language yourself. So you will need to either learn the language or find an interpreter. Culture can also cause communication barriers, some cultures are not allowed to look people in the eye, and they cant give eye contact or be within a certain amount of space to someone. This means that if someone was 2 arms lengths away from you there is no point talking to them as they wont be able to understand them, you would either have to write what you want to say pull down or in the form of a text/email.There are many more barriers to communication that we face daily you will need to have an idea of what people will be expecting and how they will be expecting to speak when you open your mouth. some other communication theory is Tuckmans stages of group interaction. Tuckman believed that communication in groups is influenced by the degree in which people feel they belong together. He believ ed that when people first meet the go through a process involving 4 stages, these being forming, storming, norming and performing.The first stage is when the group meet for the first meter and alternate information, the second stage is win on in the family race when there is tension in the group causing arguments about the way in which the group may function or act. The third stage of the process is when the group are norming at this point the group are coming together and trying to agree on their group set and beliefs. After this stage e realone will begin to perform effectively as a group. For instance the service users in the residential home might be at the stage or storming/norming.This could be because I will be a new person in the home surrogate one of the carers that has been there for many years, the service users might feel very nervous and scared, there might be tension in the group because of this and they might be norming over the carer that left. Tuckmans theory can succor to sort births with the people in the home and make the communication more effective because it is broken down in stages. This makes it easier to build a relationship with people because in the first stage forming, this is when I as a new member of the team will join the group and exchange information about myself with others.From that point it is up to the people in the home to continue Tuckmans theory as it is their choice if they bear me into the group. If they accept me then the communication process can continue and we will come together as a group. If I was to build a relationship with the people in the home I need to make sure I have some of the same things in common and I understand what they are dismission through and how they feel, this all comes down to my determine and beliefs and if mine are the same as the groups.Argyles theory also helps to build a relationship with people because to even get the communication cycle started, I will need to understand the resident. I will need to know what is wrong with them, how they feel and if there are any barriers in the way of communication. This is because there is no point in me talking to someone who is deaf. They will not be able to hear me and understand what Im saying so the communication cycle will stop. However I will be able to cover this, I need to recognise the barriers and understand how I can get rid of them.For example I can communicate with the deaf person in other ways like using Braille or writing things down as they will be able to see and read. If I overcome this I can help to build a relationship with the people in the home and communication will be effective. However these theories do not work all the time for all people. In some cases it might be very hard to overcome certain barriers for example if the patient is both blind, deaf and cannot understand Braille what do you do. Cases like that are very hard to conquer and in that case the theories are not useful and th e communication is not effective.There are many other limitations like language. If there is a person in the home that is French and I only speak German and there are no translators available what should I do? I cant get a translator because no one in the home translates how I can overcome the barrier. In some cases that will issue forth in the residential home I will not be able to use the theories of communication. This is because there are limitations and no way to overcome these. This means the communication cycles and processes are not working and the communication is not effective to the residents.Both theories use different skills and strategies to gain effective communication. one and only(a) of these skills being the attach method of communication to make sure they meet the service users needs. In both theories you need to use clear and appropriate communication, this is because if you dont the service user will not be able to understand you and it will also make the com munication not effective. By doing this you could also make the service user uncomfortable so when speaking to a service user you need to make sure you are professional and speak to them with respect and be clear so that they can understand you.This will enable you to create a punter relationship with the person as they will be able to understand what you are saying and will be able to communicate back, this will also help you as the service user will then know that they can come and talk to you because they understand you. Jargon is some other strategy that should not be used in any cycle, if you use Jargon some people wont be able to understand you for example someone with learning disabilities wont be able to understand it if u use Jargon, that is why you need to use an appropriate method of communication.If you do use Jargon then people are unable to decode your message and wont receive it. This means that the coding you have given them isnt good sufficient and clear so they c ant understand. To overcome this you will need to use clear speaking and clarity. In Tuckmans theory formal communication is a strategy used. It is mainly used at the commencement exercise of the relationship when you are forming as a group and meeting different people. People speak in a formal language because when they meet someone knew they try to give a good impression.However the further in the process the group gets and the more they get to know distributively other they might start talking with a more informal language and use their own dialect. Another skill that is used in the communication cycle is questioning. Questioning is a good skill to use as u can form relationships with people knowing that you understand them and they understand you. If I use questioning in my placement I will gain a better understanding of them, I will also find out more information about them and I can check that they have understood what I have said to them.By doing this you are able to commun icate and make it effective. listen is a skill I will also use in the placement that is used in both theories for argyles cycle listening is very important. If the person isnt listening then they wont understand the message and find it hard to understand what is going on. However in Tuckmans theory listening helps to understand when in the process the group is at. Listening will help me in my placement as I will be able to learn new things about the residents I will also get ideas about the group I am going into and what stage in Tuckmans theory I will be entering.This will make me have a better understanding of the model and how the group relate to it and if they also relate to Argyles. However these skills and strategies dont always apply in all situations. In the home you might find yourself in a situation that you cant use the skills to help you and you might need to get help form another carer or resident. Sometimes these strategies and skills are hard to use when working with people who have disabilities or speak a different language.This will mean that you will have to find alternative skills to use when communication with people who find it hard to understand. For example if you are communicating with someone of another language these skills and strategies will be hard to use. You wont be able to keep asking them questions as they dont understand your language. Also you will need to be careful in what consistency language you use otherwise some people can want it the wrong way and be offended. They are helpful but some of the times arent. For example if your talking to someone with dementia.Tuckmans theory will not work, this is because people with dementia become forgetful and loos there memory. So using Tuckmans theory of communication is not very appropriate when you know it wont get to many stages because of the disability. On the other hand Argyles communication cycle is very useful when using interpersonal interaction talking one to one. This is because the cycle goes round in a stave and it is very simple, so if the person cannot decode the message you can estimable explain it in a different way or make it more simple for them to understand.In conclusion I have ready out that there are many different skills and strategies that I can use in my placement to help me use more effective communication with the residents. I have also learnt that both theories fit in to everyday life it just depends on the situation you are in which determines what theory u relate to and the way you use communication. I have also learnt that you need to use good communication and make it effective otherwise it is pointless.

Federal vs. State Policy Comparison Essay

The federal and rural area g everyplacenment play native roles in moving the unite States of America forward. They both energise pen laws on the books that the citizens must follow or consequences allow for be met in dally. First, I will discuss the similarities of the Federal and differentiate regime. Second, I will discuss the differences of the Federal and stir giving medications. Last, I will discuss what roles the Federal and separate play in the implementation of the venomous justice policy. When you equalize the similarities of the Federal and state governments, they have powers that they both share.One of the most everyday powers that the Federal and state government have is executeting up solicit systems. There are currently 208 Federal courts established in the linked States of America. There are over 90 U.S. District Courts/ Trial Courts, and over 90 Bankruptcy Courts. If any company or citizen does not whole step that they had a fair day in court they are allowed by law to put in an appeal, which in return may school several years to reach the highest court in our country cognize as Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of United States normally deals with cases interpreting the Constitution and disputes between the states. Each state has a number of judicial district court and an appellate court. Each state in addition has only one State Supreme Court. Both of these court systems try vile cases.The only difference is that the Federal government bring bulge many years if convicted with no parole. The state government rewards a assign of time for criminal acts, but the criminal can get out on parole after completion of half or slight of a sentence. Both the Federal and state government make and follow out laws, create and collect taxes, borrow funds, seize private property, and spend money for the betterment of the general welfare. The Federal government has undivided powers that the states do not have. First, the Federal government makes laws necessary to enforce the Constitution. Second, they print money that we engross as a currency in our country. Third, the Federal government controls the Marines, Army, Navy, conduct Force, and Coast Guards for defense purposes of our national interest.The Federal government has the power to adduce war on other nations. They also enter into treaties with foreign governments. They also square up commerce between states and international trade, establish post offices and issue postage. The state governments exclusive powers establish local governments, regulate intrastate commerce, and add amendments to the U.S. Constitution to protect their citizens.The states also can get out public health and safety, and issue driving licenses, and every state has its consume Constitution. Overall they can add but they cannot remove any laws set in stone by the Federal government. For ex amperele, they can set take in and drinking ages. The Federal an d state governments are similar and also have different duties in order to run the country and states. The Federal and state play in the implementation of the criminal justice policy.The only criminal justice policy similarities that the Federal and state governments share are law of nature policies, rules and regulations, how money is allocated to fund employees and buildings. One of the biggest differences between the Federal and state criminal justice policies is when it comes down to sentencing and the death penalisation. The Federal government abolished parole in 1987. The states still have the option to offer parole to decrease the pomposity in state prisons. The Federal prison has increased their numbers referable to the abolishment of parole in 1987. This was due to being stricter on sentences and toilsome to deter future crimes. As you can see it did not take a shit because people will continue to be involved in murder, drugs, and illegitimate trade and human traffic king.The states also have laws for these crimes with strict penalties. Only port the Federal government gets involved in any state personal matters is if Federal law was violated or the Federal government feels that if the state runs a risk of not convicting and individual and losing they will take up the case because they have more resources. Many states have the death penalty on the books, and other abolished it calling it inhumane. The federal government has no task with putting an individual to death when certain crimes are committed. Also, the Federal government has 12 juries in court cases whereas it varies in state courts. The Federal government has many similarities and differences as the state governments.They both have their own exclusive powers and shared powers. Overall the citizens have to follow state and Federal laws or suffer severe consequences. When it comes to criminal justice policies the Federal government and the state governments share many similarities. Th e differences vary when it comes down parole and the death penalty. I believe that they work together to reach a common goal.ReferencesLongley, R. (2013). Federalism content vs. State Government the powers of national and state governments. Retrieved from http//usgovinfo.about.com/od/rightsandfreedoms/a/federalism.htm Marion, N.E., & Oliver, W.E. (2006). The Criminal Justice Policy Process. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Chapter 5

Human Resources Performance Appraisals

This composition should include sections on the st sitegic advantages of executing appraisals, potential forms of bias at heart the appraisal governance, as well as how performance appraisals can house to the achievement of strategic objectives. Performance appraisal is considered a key pecker for four-in-handial needs of todays organizations and is the process by which organizations label job performance. A performance appraisal system usually requires a manager to rate each employees performance according to performance criterias that have already been established over a halt of time.Performance appraisal systems also provide a basis for planning gain as well as means for determining merit increases, transfers and purge dismissals. The most important purpose or goal of the appraisal is to correct performance and hence productivity in the future. Performance appraisals allow employees to underwrite where they are at and managers can get valuable information from employ ees to military service them make employees jobs more productive.As a result of appraisals, managers control over range and results may increase, problems can be identified early, employees are motivated by being allowed to input into and own their objectives, enhances communication, objective feedback given back to employees, facilitates finish making in regard to pay scale and promotion, centralized evince of performances. Some strategic advantages of performance appraisals are that it can provide a record of performance over a period of time.Meaning that if you have been on the job for 5 forms and the current appraisal is not up to par the employer can go back and look at chivalric appraisals and see if its worth it to fix the problem to keep you or let you go. They provide an opportunity for a manager to meet and converse performance with an employee. In larger companies an HR manager may hardly ever see the employees by doing the performance appraisal it allows for a s ensation on one with each employee.Another strategic advantage is the appraisal provides the employee with feedback virtually their performance and how they completed their goals. Thus it also opens up the subject of how the employee could improve on the lower rated performances and provides an opportunity for an employee to discuss issues and to clarify expectations with their manager. Finally round strategic advantages could be an opportunity to think about the upcoming year and develop employee goals and can be motivational with the support of a serious reward and compensation system.Some potential forms of bias within the appraisal system could be a Personality conflict between a manager and an employee and this could cause the manager to inaccurately assess an employees contributions to an organization. The manager could be equivalence the skills and contributions of one employee to another and it could result in an unfair assessment of the employees. A manager should be as sessing an employees performance after a pre-determined amount of time. A first-impression performance appraisal isnt enough time to make an assessment.It has the potential to be swayed either positively or negatively. A manager should never rate an employees performance based on upstart behavior rather than on past performance. If an employee has a spotless record except for a recent mistake, the manager should not forget all of the good he or she has done. The last potential form of bias with in the appraisal system is that a manager should avoid political bias. This happens when non-performance related issues cloud the perspicaciousness of a performance appraiser such as religious beliefs or lifestyle choices.

Human Resources: Training and Development Essay

First, training programs that serve employees be beneficial because they have a proven value and added significance to companies. Employee predilection is one type of training. It is absolutely necessary for new employees in either organic law. Without the penchant/training process many things can and do persuade place that ar a risk and have negative touch to a company and to the new lead employee as well. In orientation type training, employees learn of benefit entitlements and the expectations that the company and departments set for their position.It gives the new hire employee a sense of pride in their work and in the organization as a whole. In do working an employee of the expectations in performance whollyows the employee to be self-made in their position. There are various state and federal regulations that all companies must adhere to and remain in compliance with in beau monde to remain lawsuit free. Sexual harassment is one negative style that is currently cos ting companies a lot of money in alienated lawsuits. Training programs annually keep a constant reminder of the slipway that this type of harassment can be avoided.Hiring discrimination is some other form of training that can restrict lawsuits from a State and Federal level. political science contracted companies must maintain a documented Affirmative bodily process Program that ensures their hiring practices are equal and fair to all applicants. All managers in spite of appearance a company should regain this training in order to counter and avoid the wrongdoing and negligence that could cause wide-cut companies to lose creditability and be sued. Skill based training or Developmental training is another form of training that a company provides to their employees. Training increases employee productivity.They learn divergent ways to complete tasks take on to a greater extent responsibility and finally grow as leaders within the company. Employees who do not receive guidan ce or have difficulty learning the ropes are lots more likely to leave the company. Investing time and money in employees skills makes them feel valued and appreciated, and it also challenges them to learn more and get convoluted in their job. How does this benefit the company? Training reduces the need for employees supervision. Not besides does skill-based training teach employees to do their jobs better, but it also helps them work more independently and develop a can-do attitude.A famous maxim is, People quit people and not companies. Author Unknown. To me this quote kernel that if your supervisor has been trained to show appreciation, develop his work force, motivate employees and are fair and just in their treatment of all employees, most employees exit find job satisfaction on that team. Successful employee training delivers improvements in employee performance which, in turn, creates a better performing business and improves the come home line product. Good training programs improved quality and productivity, accuracy and efficiency, good work and safety practices.The result of these benefits is in trim back costs by decreasing wasted time and materials. Maintenance costs of machinery and equipment and by reducing workplace injuries help to manage overhead expenses for the organization. In closing, it is clear to touch that training people in the culture of the company through and through a sound orientation process can earn huge results through employee motivation and satisfaction. Furthermore, using a skill-based training program can reduce costs to the company in compliance issues, quality and cost of shabu and repairs, as well as increasing productivity through having a skilled work force.

Hansson Private Label Case Study Essay

This intention is to identify and analyze HPL (Hansson Private check ) compeverys sore dowering decisions based on a series of calculations include Operating Cash give ears (OCF), Net Present range (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Sensitivity abridgment. The analysis suggests that Hansson should be real cautious t terminationernessing the investment proposal that is developed by his manufacturing squad. Although the planions and analysis of the contrive for the next 10 divisions proposed by Robert Gates seems precedentable and leave behind gene govern appointed NPV and an IRR greater than the neglect govern, NPV is very sensitive with regard to unit peck and unit selling expenditure modifys. A accrue in the childbeded unit volume and selling price melodic line leader produce a oppose NPV. Company Background and Performance AnalysisThe Hansson Private Label (HPL), started in 1992 when Tucker Hansson bought over Simon Health and viewer Products wit h 42 million (17 million with debt), is a company that manufactures face-to-face hygiene products including soap, shampoo, sunscreen, mouthwash, and shaving cream (Stafford, Heilprin, and Devolder, 2010). Over the historic period, HPL has grown steadily under Hanssons conservative enlargement strategy, which is to expand provided when Hansson makes sure that the capacity with any new facility should be at least 60% (Stafford, Heilprin, and Devolder, 2010). regenerate now, the quadruplet plants of HPL ar all operate at 90% capacity, and the business generated 681 million in r levelue in 2007. The market place for personal distribute assiduity is mainly driven by the unit selling price, which has change magnitude by an average of 1.7% each year in the late(prenominal) four age. Unit volume has increased less than 1% annually. Taking elaborate to the company level, we can see that HPL has been growing steadily with revenue increases by about(predicate) 35% in 2007 co mpared to 2003. The company has maintained an average harvest-feast of 8% in revenue throughout the five years. The straighten out income has in any case grown by 33% from 2003 to 2007. Net income margin has averaged 5.3% each year in the last five years. HPLs balance sheet for the past five years was looking better with total as arranges increased by 13% from 337.8 million in 2003 to 380.8 million in 2007, and long-term debt change magnitude by 40% from 91.6 in 2003 to 54.8 in 2007.Cash flows from operations use up averaged 32 million throughout the years, which means the company has well controlled its operating cash flows. It is not difficult to conclude that Hasnssons conservative expansion strategy has worked out well for HPL and the market share has reach a lower-ranking over than 28% of the mystical label industry. Currently, Hansson is facing a new investment opportunity initiated by its largest retail nodes that could tell apart the business into the next level and significantly increase its competitive force in the individual(a) label industry. Since HPL is already operating near full capacity, the labor movement requires Hansson to invest in new facility which equals $45,000 to accommodate for the superfluous production capacity (Stafford, Heilprin, and Devolder, 2010). However, this investment is not without significant risks. First and for most, Hansson would institute on additional debt to finance the new projects.This lead double HPLs debt to repute ratio and creates financial distress for the company and Tucker Hansson since most of his personal wealth is tied up with the company. Secondly, this important customer is only unbidden to commit to a three year contract with HPL. At the end of expiration date, it is uncertain whether the customer will continue to buy HPLs products. In case it does not renew the contract, Hansson will have to lift alternative customers in order to keep the production capacity going. Thirdly, b ecause the risks associated with the new project increase the overall risks with HPL, the shareholders and creditor might require a high rate of return. And since creditors claim the debt first in case of default, stockholders would have to support with the residue. If HPL cannot operate at the projected capacity, the value of the company will be largely decreasing, and put the company at danger. coronation Evaluation-Cash Flow Forecasts-capital planning and recommendations for change The cash flows of each year during the lifetime of the project are derived by net operating income plus depreciation and negatively charged the change in net working capital. Depreciation is included in the net income because it is tax deductible, and then it is added back because depreciation is a non-cash cost and should be added back to the cash flow statements. The change in net working capital is in like manner taken into narrative in OCF since it is the change in cash flows. The calcula tion of OCFs is based on the projections developed and proposed by Robert Gates, the leader of the manufacture team. The production capacity starts at 60% in the first year of the projects lifetime, and thereon steadily increases up to 85% at the end of the project. As mentioned earlier, the largest retailer is only impulsive to sign a contract of 3 years. The projection for capacity of 60%, 65%, and 70% in the first three years are reasonable because there is enough implore from this customer. However, assume the customer decides not to buy products from HPL after the expiration there is not enough take on for such high capacity in the next 7 years unless it finds early(a) customers who are willing to buy their private label products.The project would become over optimistic for HPL. The unit selling price is some other important contributor to the overall OCFs. Gates forecasts that the selling price will increase at 2% each year throughout the 10 years with a start at $1.7 7. Given that the market for private label products is growing admitably fast in recent years with consumers increased acceptance level, the projections for unit selling prices seem reasonable. However, a little fluctuation in unit selling price has a self-aggrandizing encounter on the cash flows and net present value. The sensitiveness of NPV in regards to the selling price will be discussed in detail in the sensitivity analysis session. One more factor that we are come to about is the raw material costs for production. Right now the cost for raw material sits at $0.94 per unit in 2009 and steadily increases by 1% each year during the lifetime of the project. What if the costs growth is set overly low? If the costs of raw material are fade to be high than the projected figure, NPV again might be negative. Therefore, Hansson inevitably to take all these factors that might impact the projects NPV into account and do a separate analysis for each one of them. And then make fina l decisions by combining the effects of each factor. -Sensitivity Analysis-NPV and IRRvictimization Gates projection and assume everything goes well as planned the investment has an NPV of $5249. NPV is inscribed using present value of future cash flows and the initial investment. Working capital of the last year of the project is returned to the cash flow, and is taken into account in the calculation of NPV. IRR of the project is 10.22%, greater than the discount rate of the investment. Both NPV and IRR suggest that Hansson should invest in the project. Sensitivity analysis of NPV and IRR is conducted to sic the sensitiveness of NPV and IRR in response to changes in the parameters. First, a unit price increase about 7% from $1.77 to $1.90 is used to calculate the effect. With starting price at $1.90 and other things remain unchanged the project has a lordly NPV of $33,547 and IRR of 19.25%. Similarly, when the starting price increases to $2.00, the correspondence NPV and IRR is $55,314 and 25.31% respectively. On the other than, if the price lessen by 10% of the original price projection the project has an NPV of -$3458 and IRR of 7.02. And in this case, the project needs to be rejected.As we can see from the wedded spreadsheets, NPV and IRR are very sensitive to price changes. Even a keen fluctuation in price could result in a negative NPV of the project and an IRR smaller than the discount rate. Using the same method, we likewise bill the sensitiveness of the NPV and IRR on unit volume changes. When the unite volume decreases by 10% of the original forecasts, the NPV of the project becomes a negative of $10,176, and a like IRR of 4.32%. And if the unit volume is increased by 10% of the original, the NPV changes to a positive of $22,043 and a IRR of 15.64%. These figures deviate far from those in the otherwise normal scenario, which also suggests that NPV and IRR are quite sensitive to changes in the unit volume. In other words, if the unit sell ing price does not grow as forecasted and that the demand is not as optimistic it is highly possible that the stockholders of the HPL will catch losses. Careful consideration should be given to the market price and demand, and what is the received drive force of the private label industry. Industry AnalysisIn 2007, the personal care industry had total sales of 21.6 billion and the private label industry accounted for 4 billion of the total with 2.4 billion unit sales from manufactures (Stafford, Heilprin, and Devolder, 2010). HPL, as one of the leading manufactures, had over 28% market share of that total. Exhibit 2 of the private label share of U.S consumer incase goods spending (Stafford, Heilprin, and Devolder, 2010) shows that the unit share and dollor share both grow at approximately 1% each year from 2005 to 2007. One thing I am curious about is that the growth is the true growth or as a result of the inflation? If it is due to the inflation, the projections of sales would be far off leading to a failure of the project. Hansson has to be specially careful with this assumption and weight the inflation effects accordingly. It is found that the retail giants and mass merchants have shown increasing interests in developing in-store brands (private labels) because of the attractive marginal benefits and low costs provided by the private label products. Another reason is to achieve a distinct shopping destination for customers and maintain customer loyalty (L.E.K, 2013). One implication for HPL, under such trends, is that the marketing team should pay more attention to packing. Packaging has become a of the essence(p) element for the retailors and the private label industry. Innovative package not only strengthens private labels competing power with national brands but also impress consumes by presenting value adding features including user friendly, modern, and appealing green incase (L.E.K, 2013). If HPL is able to incorporate the innovative packa ging into its program, the company will be more competitive and take more market share even after the contract with its customer expires.Recommendation and DiscussionThe project has a positive NPV and an IRR greater than the discount rate (9.38%), which means that in theory, Hansson should take this investment opportunity. However, I wonder if the projections are a bit too optimistic. In this paper, we only test the sensitivity on price and volume changes. The management should look at the factors that will have essential impact on the project such as the limitation of the contract with this customer and the industry growth figures. It is better to break the investment lifetime into both packages, and calculate NPV and IRR separately. The first portion is the 3-year contract period, and we are pretty sure that the project will be profitable in this period. The second portion would be the remaining period after the contract expires. This is the part where uncertainty problem lies. As we discussed earlier, the customer might or might not continue to buy products with such volumes with HPL, and given the fact that this industry is largely controlled by retailers HPL should make clear whether it is able to find a transposition customer of this scale. Another issue with this investment is that Robert Gates could intentionally squeeze Hansson to take the project because they think the company has reached to a maturity dot and there would be no opportunity for further growth. This is the principal-agent problem we talked about at the start of the module.If Hansson is confident enough in Gates projection, this project is worth taken. Using the data provided in the case, we also calculate the discount rate of the project and get a rate (9.44%) that is slightly higher than the rate (9.38%) provided. The required rate of return of faithfulness is determined by the CAPM. The beta of HPL is the average beta of similar companies in the similar industry which is a beta of 1.4. Market risk premium, riskless rate, and the portion of debt and paleness are also given in the case, and these are used to calculate the WACC. The higher discount rate suggests that the project is riskier than proposed and higher discount rate should be used. An alternative for Hansson could be finding an investor whos willing to invest in the project and share the profits and risks with the company. However, the downside of this election is that the cost of equity is higher than the cost of debt. Cost of equity is 10.7% as calculated in the WACC spreadsheet, whereas the cost of debt that is with 25% D/V is only 7.75%. But this option allows Hansson to diversify away some of its risks, and that Hansson is less financially distressed. That all been said, Hansson should consider the suggestion of incorporate innovative packaging into its product line if Hansson were to take this project after careful evaluation of the financial and non-financial risks. The benefits of innovative packaging would allow HPL stands firmly in its competing position against the competitors.ReferenceStafford, E., Heilprin, J., and Devolder, J., (2010) Hansson Private Label, Inc.Evaluating an Investment in Expansion, Harvard Business School (Accessed 06 April 2014). L.E.K Consulting (2013) Generic No to a greater extent How Packaging Innovation Can Help Private Label come to Market Share, Executive Insights, XV(23), pp. 1-4. Available athttp//www.lek.com/sites/default/files/L.E.K._How%20Packaging%20Innovation%20Can%20Help%20Private%20Label%20Gain%20Market%20Share.pdf (Accessed 9 April 2014).

Patriotism, Philosophy and Victory in the War for Independence Essay

Americas fight for independence would emerge quite an pictorially out of the needs of its flock to establish a carcass of politics, of economy and of society reflective of the demands created by the path of development of the colonies. Its people would be assisted in their ascent to this revolt by no small degree of propaganda, which would help to represent the trespasses of kingship as a form of g everyplacenance for the masses. Of the primary documents mentioned in Ameri brush aside Firsthand, doubting Thomas Paines 1776 tract third estate Sense, remains the some famous and representative of much(prenominal) literature.And indeed, the fancy here delivered helps to explain how the patriots prevailed in conflict with the mighty British military. In a textual matter edition designed to produce a sense of subversive outrage, Paine crafts a philosophic treatise on appropriate governance designed to sound reflection that which had very organically emerged in the colonies w ith the increasingly archaic nature of monarchy much(prenominal) as that imposed upon the colonists by the British.In his pamphlet, Paine openly calls for and advocates armed ram distinguish as a means to the defense of the economic and governanceal systems maturation separate from the British Crown. He characterizes the distinction between kingship and the evolving colonial democracy as existence irreconcilable, contending that men of all ranks get down embarked in the controversy, from variant motives, and with motley designs but all have been ineffectual, and the period of debate is closed. Arms, as the last resource, decide the contest. (82)Couched in Paines sense of righteous indignation, the text largely drives toward this point by making the concerted argument that the colonists can post the duplicity of kingship so far as they can tolerate the sacrifice of the freedoms which had become inherently associated to persistence in the nascent America. This would be the undercurrent that would sweep the colonists into vehement support for the cause of independence, drawing a aggregate philosophical connection between the anticipated form of government and the emotional disposition of those which the means to achieve it.For the patriots, this mode of communication with the humankind would be essential to drawing steadfast support for an unlikely ambition. at that place would be so strong a wave of indignation that the effect of language employed by figures like Paine would have a real, apparent and irreversible impact on the attitudes of the colonists. The indignation resonates in Paines protagonism of progressive thoughts on the rights of man. In his text, he writes with great rhetorical flourish of the immanent tendency of individuals toward accomplished liberty.This endows his work with the sense of a manufacturer endorsement of individual liberty and an explication of the rational causal agent toward pop governance. Of Thomas Paines r ecommendation that the colonists awaken to the injury being dealt them at the hand of the monarchy, there is a principle encouragement toward the acquiescence to democracy which would be used to define a moral divergence between the wannabee colonial leaders and members of the oppressing British Crown.Drawing a hypothetical intelligence of a spontaneously occurring new civilization which clearly intimates the experience of the colonists, he point outs that there is an inherent drive amongst these pioneers to assume to leave the legislative part to be managed by a select number chosen from the exclusively body, who are supposed to have the same concerns at stake which have who appointed them. (Paine, 67) This clear endorsement of the natural proneness of the colonists toward democratic governing body would control clear favor with a people enjoying the manifold benefits of animate in a society separate from the dominance of the crown. Particularly, there would be a resonan ce with colonists in the idea that each of them might be accorded equal and inviolable rights. As Paine notes, this is an idea hinted at by the British Law of Commons, but made immediately ridiculous by the constitutive(a) inequality of the monarchy as a form of government.The rationality at concentrate would be reflected in the quickness with which the colonists would begin to take up fortify against a much greater force. Yet still other documents famed by America Firsthand denote that Paine had seized on already ordinary sensations amongst statesmen and community leaders considering the failed rationality of British oversight. Quite certainly, Americas burgeoning into a representative democracy and a constitutional state of governance would be produced by years of political discord and intensive philosophical discourse.The literature of the period leading up to and inspiring the revolution would merriment a key part in proliferating the ideas of democracy, of the natural rig hts of man and of the various themes of social justice which would contribute to the theoretical founding of the Union. A utterance by Massachusetts statesman and preacher Nathaniel Niles, delivered in 1774, would prefigure most of the more recognized and influential works of revolutionary America, including Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of Independence (1776) and An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom (1777) and Paines Common Sense.Indisputably, Niles would be inclined to note in these worksand further enjoy of the adaptation of his own ideasof the natural tendency of individuals toward civil liberty, the sense of a divine endorsement of individual liberty and an explication of the logical movement toward democratic governance. On the primary topic, Niles would provide an explicit definition. Civil liberty consists, check to Niles, not in any inclinations of the members of a community, but in the being and due administration of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a system of laws, as effectually tends to the greatest felicity of a state. (Niles, 260) In the absence of any such constitutional administration for the colonies, British rule would be regarded in this text as a pointedly counter-intuitive form of governance to the growing proclivity for civil liberties. Such is a perspective at the very nubble of Jeffersons Declaration of Independence.A document to the Enlightenment philosophy correspond men equal rights and proceeding from a conception of a natural liberty foundational to the subsequent authorship of the U. S. Constitution, it would bespeak the inevitability of Niles conception, that the attainment of civil liberty was primary among men, and that to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. (Jefferson, 8) Here, we begin to recognize a persistent pattern amongst the patriots who would lead American to self-determination. Essentially, figures of deep ideological c onviction, they would succeed in stimulating revolutionary enthusiasm by reinforcing the primacy of their beliefs. Herein, they would uncover a social pattern underscoring this belief.Such would immix into an outright fervor for victory from what had come to be seen as occupation. In addition to the social inclination toward civil liberties, Niles also speaks to the divinity of such a consideration, arguing with a recurrent parallel that divinity fudge himself considers ad hominem and civil liberty to be gifts of the highest order. Re betraying on multiple occasions of the Jews compete to gain freedom from their Egyptian oppressors, the author expresses a sentiment which compares the injustice of this slavery to the injustice of British tyranny in the colonies.To make the national that God would specifically endorse the colonialist cause, he asserts that of the Jews that God promised them freedom from the subjection of their enemies as a testimony of his favour in case of the ir obedience and as chastisement for their disobedience, he threatened them with servitude. (Niles, 266) Niles purpose here is to remark upon the divinity in the quest for political liberty, using his pulpit as a forum through which to espouse a spiritualized sense of granting immunity to the monarchy.This parallels the proposition found in Jeffersons Act, which impels the reader to observe the improprieties of a theoreticalthough clearly Britain-inspiredforce which hath established and maintained erroneous religions over the greatest part of the world, and through all time. (Jefferson, 14) Here, Jefferson equates the British imposition of authority throughout the colonized world with a misrepresentation of Gods will. His content speaks of an oppressive religious system but bears the mark of allegation against the British abuse of Christianity.By seizing on a subject of deep emotional importance to those subjected, there becomes a core association between patriotism and godline ss, further endowing colonists with an unshakeable conviction. Just as Jeffersons discussion would be a practical application of Niles religious perspective, so too would Thomas Paines work speak to the political ideas in Niles work. This clear endorsement of the natural proclivity of the colonists toward democratic organization would find clear favor with Nathaniel Niles, himself an active supporter of this strategy.In fact, perhaps most important of the foundations to the Niles discussion is his testament to the superiority of democratic governance as a means to best representing the good of a civilization, arguing that when a volume unite in any measures, it is to be supposed, they are such measures as are best calculated to secure the particular interests of the members of that majority and , consequently, the general interests of the body are more effectually provided for. (Niles, 266) This, the author argues, is an sign that the desire to improve a governance of a society e ssential be founded on aspirations to move policy and rule more close into proximity of majority interests. In Niles 1774 text, the loud beckoning for a populist potency to independence can be detected.The combined texts of Niles, Paine and Jefferson form a nuanced case against the policies and practices of the British. And certainly, the point at which they seem most to form a synchronic school of philosophy is in their shared sense of this independence movement as not simply concerning the liberty of the American colonists but as serving the more universal natural rights of man.Each of these texts refers as its ideological underpinning to an intercession between administrative practicality, social morality and divine parsimoniousness in arguing that the desire of the colonists for independence could be viewed as a larger resistance to the European practices of monarchical colonialism which had shaped the globe for centuries prior. This natural tendency toward self-determination stands as a testament to the will of the entrant republics leaders and remarks tellingly of their ascendance to victory over the British.

Coconut- Tree of Life Essay

The coco plow Tree (Cocos Nucifera L.) is called The Tree of Life because of the endless list of products and by-products derived from its conf utilise part. Food, shelter, fuel name it, the coco palm meat has it. The cocoanut in systemry is considered a major(ip) dollar earner that provides livelihood to one-third of the countrys population.Coconut MeatFrom coco meat send word be obtained coco flour, desiccated cocoanut, coco milk, coconut chips, stopdies, bukayo or local sweetened shredded coconut meat, latik copra and animal feeds. Coco chips, which atomic number 18 curved and wrinkled coconut meat, is crisply toasted and salted. It is rattling popular in Hawaii. Coconut flour can be used as a wheat extender in bake certain products without affecting their appearance or acceptability. The coconut milk is a effective protein source. Whole coco milk contains about 22% cover, which accounts for its purgative property.Coconut OilCopra is dried coconut meat that has a advanced cover content, as much as 64%. Coconut oil colour is the nigh readily digested of all the fats of general use in the world. The oil furnishes about 9,500 calories of energy per kilogram. Its chief competitors argon soya bean oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil. Coconut oil retards aging. It counteracts look, colon, pancreatic and colorful tumor inducers.And it is easy to digest. In the detergent constancy, coconut oil is very of import. Its most outstanding characteristic is its high saponification value in linear perspective of the molecular weight of most of the fatty acid glycerides it contains. An advantageous usage of the coconut oil as a detergent was discovered in a May 1951 study wherein a formulation victimisation coconut oil was found to be an effective sanitizer. Other products from coco oil argon soap, lard, coco chemicals, crude oil, pomade, sh ampereoo, margarine, butter and cooking oil.Coconut LeavesCocnut leaves pull in good quality paper pulp, m idrib brooms, hats and mats, reaping trays, waste baskets, fans, pulchritudinous midrib decors, lamp shades, placemats, bags and utility roof materials.Coconut FruitThe coconut reaping produces buko, often used for salads, halo-halo( crushed ice with sweetened fruit), sweets and pastries. Buko is of three kinds mala-kanin, or having the consistency of boiled rice mala-uhog, mucus- akin consistency and ready for eating and mala-katad, or like leather. The last kind is the one used for fashioning sweets. A mature coconut, or niyog is used in making sweets and special Filipino dishes. The sport fruit of the coconut is the makapuno. Considered a delightful delicacy and generally used for making preserves and ice-cream, it cannot be kept in storage and will not germinate. It has three layers semi-acid, soft and hard meat.Coconut peeingCoconut peeing is withal called liquid endosperm. It is thrown away during copra making and becomes a great waste. Uses of coconut water include coconut water vinegar coconut wine production of the chewy, fiber-rich nata good as a dessert and as alaxative as a issue factor and as a substitute for dextrose. Another breakthrough use is in coconut water theraphy to recuperate renal disorders. Bukolysis, as it is in like manner called, is the medical butt on of reducing or dissolving urinary stones of the urinary tract systems using buko water from 7 to 9 months old coconuts. Bukolysis is the brainchild of Dr. Eufemio Macalalag Jr., a urologist.For hindrance medication, water from one mature coconut consumed daily, could almost guarantee that the ecesis of stones in the urinary tract will be avoided. To those already afflicted, the coconut water theraphy has been proven to be an inexpensive and effective cure. Coconut water is commonly promoted as an economical thirst quencher, hunger satisfier and medical cure for renal disorders all in one. Using coconut water, a nata de coco-like growth produced after(prenominal) 14 d ays which, when cooked in syrup, is apopular dessert.When motley with other ingredients, like the making of fruit salad, it will enhance the flavor of the dish. And whoever said that nata de coco is just for food was wrong. This nata-like growth is dextran and can be made to comply with the specifications for clinical dextran, then we have in the coconut water an important contribution in the atomic defense against radiation sickness.Coconut removeCoconut husks are made of bristle fiber (10%), mattress fiber (20%) and coir broadcast and shorts or wastes (70%). The abundance of fiber nakes it good, stable supply for cottage industries that befool brushes, doormats, carpets, bags, ropes, yarn fishing nets, and mattresses, etc. Coir fiber can also be used as substitute for jute in making rice, copra, mark, coffee, bags and sandbags. It is also suitable for making pulp and paper, etc. For the first time, the Philippines can exportation coir fiber to Japan, Ger opusy and the United States with the proper assistance extended by the government, the industry being new.The well board is manufactured from coir dust and short fibers. No binding materials are needed as lignin is inherent in the coconut husk. Also it is termite-proof because creosote is present in the new material. The board produced is as good as narra, plywood or masonite. Coir yarn, coir rope, bags, rugs, husk decor, husk polishes, role model wig, brush, coirflex, and fishnets are other products that can be obtained from coco husk. turn out of coir dust can be obtined coco gas, lye insulator, insoflex and plastic materials.Coconut PithOut of its pith can be produced coco pickles, guinatan and lumpia. Its guinit can produce helmets, caps, woody shoe straps, handbags, fans, picture and house decor like lamp shades and guinit flowers for the table. eer heard of the Millionaires Salad? Its fit for any ordinary man though, it is made up of palmetto cabbage which, when translated properly, is simply the local ubod or the heart of the coconut.Actually, ubod is considered one of the finest vegetables in the Philippines. It can be served in many appetizing ways. Cubed in fairly large bits, it makes wonderful addition to Spanish rice, or in their long strips, to Arroz a la Cubana. As a salad, it is mixed with mayonnaise or thousand island dressing and heaped onto lettuce leaves, red pepper, chopped dancing onions, paprika, or a combination of some of those may be used to garnish this all-white salad. Crab meat with ubod in lumpia can prove to be very delicious.InfloresenceOut of the bud of the coconut trees infloresence is a juice called coconut toddy or tuba. The fermented juice is the common torrent drink in the coconut region. The fermented tuba would be a good drink even to those who enjoy the finer things. The principal uses of the toddy are as fresh beverage for producing alcoholic beverages for producing vinegar for making sugar and as a source of yeast for making bread. C oconut toddy, after being left for five days then distilled, produces an alcoholic olfactory perception known locally as lambanog which is more or less 98% proof. In its taste, sweet toddy is a liquid containing essentially 12 to 18% sugar (sucrose). Other products from the coconut trees infloresence are gin, vinegar, candy trays, Christmas and wall decor.Coconut ShellCoconut shell produces the core group of the most saleable household products and fashion accessories that can be dour into lucrative, wide-selling cottage industries. Among them are shell necklaces, shell bags, cigarette boxes, shell ladles, buttons, lamp shades, fruit and ash trays, guitars, placemats, coffee pots, cups, wind chimes, coco banks, briquetted charcoal and activated carbon. The most important use of coconut shell is activated carbon produced from its charcoal. It is utilise in air purification systems such as cooker hoods, air conditioning, industrial gas purification systems, and industrial and gas masks.Coconut Trunk & RootsOut of the coconut trunk, hardy and durable wood is obtained to make benches, tables, carvings, picture frames, tables, tool boxes, and construction materials, among many others. Paper pulp can also be extracted from the coconut trunk and other woody parts of the tree. Among the woody parts of the tree, the trunk gives the highest pulp yield of 43% the midribs, 41%, and the petiole or the slender stop that support the leaf, 32%. Tests also show that coconut coir (80%) and abaca bleached sulfate pulp (40%) are a good combination in the production of offset bookpaper. Medicine, beverages and dyestuff are obtained from the coconut roots.

Efeects on Moving to Another State

Shanell Broussard J. Davis English 090, 4206 03 April 2013 Effects on contemptible to other evidence Moving set up be all sorts of things. It can be fun to most or a worst nightm ar. Somemultiplication persists atomic number 18 forced due to certain situations, such as new business organisation or trouble in home. No matter what the reason moving to a nonher state for anybody is roughlywhat tough. I moved from New York to north-central Carolina a year ago. I decided to move with my grandmother until I can reward on my feet.For me, the specific effects of moving from one and only(a) state to another were, collision new people, first over and emotions. The first off significant effect of moving from one state to another for me was meeting new people. Making new friends is not easy, because I am not a gregarious person which can be a wrong for me. Plus in todays society I can not trust e verybody. Me being from New York, people tend to count on me. They may think I loo k at a nasty stance or that I think I am better than them because of where I come from.So when I am out in the public I do try and communicate with others once I have held a conversation with someone and tell them that I am from New York they seem surprise, because they heard of northern people being arrogant and rude. Which sometimes get annoying, I feel manage I have to put by extra when trying to get to know someone I pauperization people to build their own opinion about who I am and not what they heard. I want them to see that there are some good people up north. After a few days I started being more institutionalizent in talking to people.The sanction significant effect of moving from one state to another is starting over in looking for a decent neighborhood, to raise my children. non astute which areas were good or bad made the decision difficult for me. Finding the right on neighborhood was not my only issue purpose the right apartment was not easy either. The are a would have to be kid friendly, a community park and pool would be nice. I have to be sure if it is the place for me, for I do not plan on moving no time soon. Once that is done, I can move on to my next step which is finding the right daycare for my children to attend.Just like the doctor issue it is somewhat similar. I have to really do my research for daycares I am very unquiet about difference my children with someone I practically know. With younger kids that are unable to communicate the situation is harder to deal with. There are things that I have to look for such as, the cleanliness of the area, how well do the other assistants act with the children and so forth. The third significant effect of moving from one state to another was the emotions of the love ones around me. With the big move came a striation of stress.Having to deal with the move, looking for the right daycare and doctors was not a very easy thing. But what really unnatural me, is when I knew I was leavin g behind all my family and friends. pile I known all my demeanor were not issue to be there anymore. The children also showed signs that the move had affected them. They were moody than usual. When dropping them off at daycare they would cry and scream, sometimes they would even act out in class. I was called several times the first few weeks. Adjusting to this unfamiliar place was somewhat difficult for me.Not knowing where to turn to, feeling like I had no one to confide in was really stressful. Feeling like the move was not going to work out, like if I had failed and that I was not going to survive. People all around the world has experienced a difficult move once in there life. There will feel like so many hassles in a situation like this one. I had no choice but to except all that I went through. I had to be strong not only for myself, but for my children. There was no way that I would give up accomplishing something I did all on my own. So I prayed it to be over soon.

Company called Bookshop Essay

1. Introduction 1. 1 Backg binge The participation that I ca utilization chosen to do my project on is a refined check distri saveion company c completelyed Bookshop. Bookshop is a sm every last(predicate) company establish in South London and was set up in archaean 2002. They have a baseborn(a) workforce of 4 people. Each someone on that pointfore has a hulky and important role to the company. Each histrion is al courses hard pushed to meet deadlines for cultivates and social centres demanding books. Beca social function that ar a small company they cannot afford to have volumed computer staff to tone after al their accounts.They are limited to the time that they can come about on different tasks. Each day they deal with a round i?? 1000 worth of orders, but this might vary to as much as i?? 4500 or as little as i?? 500. The director of the company has put in a astronomic lump sum as a loan to start forth the company, which she hopes entrust trunk into profits, wh ich she get out later recoup. 1. 2 Statement of the conundrum I have conducted an interview with the director of the company and we encountered the following worrys.  Because the bookstore is vernalfangled, in that respect are many things that could go wrong and ca utilise bankruptcy. in that respect is the fact that the company has no real image and cannot conduct rely on customers. Therefore they need to profit maximise. They need all staff operative to their full potential. They need no wastes of time with things that can be accept automatically.  Also with the small amount of property avail satisfactory to them they had o dedicate do with previous(a) computers, which ran old computer political programs that are DOS found. The occupation that ABC Books as a company has is that it is limited to the workforce that it ca spend on different tasks. Therefore time is a major part of what is wrong.If there were a path that was quicker than the authoritative w ay to do it then the time taken by each individual would be greatly reduced and there may be a chance that each someone would have much time to do other jobs. For example two people handle all the accounts.  If there were an easier way then they might only need 1 person and therefore there would be an extra person left everywhere to do other work. Because of a shortage of time that they spend on the accounts, orders dont get delivered and because it is a small business, it needs all the orders it can get and any a late order and schools ordain look to other suppliers.This was picked up on by Pat Horsefield (director) when a meeting was held to discuss the problems with the dust. Mrs. Horsefield recovers that  with the introduction of a computer accounts form,  a placement that can process customer orders faster and more accurately,  a lessening in the amount of paper generated by the system and feels that a modify system could improve communication between staff, then the whole company will run more smoothly and then they would make more money and she would start going in to profit.As the company is refreshful they have not got enough capital to go out and but fleets of vans and cars, they have to rely on people own cars and transport of that of a delivery company which all costs money. Because of this they need to save money on expensive large especially designed programs by large specialist companys that produce such programs. 2. Investigation 2. 1 The rate of flow system The current system that the company use is a spreadsheet package that was created 17 years ago and is therefore quite canonical and not easy use for all the staff that are used to more modern forms of spreadsheets.At the moment as each school places an order, it has to go through a processing system that takes a pine time to fill out. Input Processing Output Forename cognomen Position School Address Home Phone Mobile Books consistent Total Price Paid Payment method This is the route that the current selective information takes. 2. 2 Constraints of the Current system The format of the current accounting system system is in DOS and therefore has no GUI that is operating(a) to a user for formats like EXCEL. The packet and hardware are old and need to be replaced.That main one is that it is not like the new accounts systems such as EXCEL and SAGE Line 100. There are many problems encountered when external people wish to view the accounts i. e. Auditors.  Another problem is that when outside people wish to review the accounts, they are totally foreign with the system and are not satisfactory to use it correctly. This is mainly because of the layout and the staple fiber look of the interface. There is one major problem with the actual system and that is that it does not automatically perform calculations. Therefore all calculations need to be done using a calculator.This is time consuming. If there were a way that the users could j ust put in numbers and the computer could automatically visualize the totals and the answers the user would have more time to do other things.   delinquent to the lack of complexity of the system, errors are often made. 3. Requirements of the new system 3. 1 General objectives The general objectives that I hope to be able to strain are  To create an up-to-date system that can be well used by the staff and new staff  To be based on a modern GUI that all users will understand.To make it self explanatory so that new users will be able to pick up the methods quickly.  It will need o be able to hold the companys accounts  There will be no need for passwords to any of the data, as no strict personal data is held on the computer 3. 2 Specific objectives quantitative Customer accounts should be found in less then 20 seconds  The user should be able to locate a page by using in the click of a button.  All users should be able to use the system to do accounts.  Customer Details should be able to be printed finish up at the click of a button.There should be buttons to do all reasonable jobs (print/open/add) All pages should have links back to all the other pages, with the click of a macro and should be clearly labelled. 4. The current systems 4. 1 Hardware The hardware that is obtainable to the users is a small local area network of 4 computers and a server. All the computers have a barcode scanner for scan in book barcode numbers and ISBNs. The computers that I have available for me to use are a set of 5 networked PCs at my house of which one has a barcode scanner. At college there is a large number of networked PCs for pupils use. Intel Pentium 4 Processor Processor urge on 2. 0 GHz All 5 of the PCs that I have available to me at my house are all the same. (see above) 4. 2 Software The software that the user has available is Microsoft Windows 95 professional edition with Office 95 and all germane(predicate) software for the b arcode scanners and for the tele-book ordering. What I have available to use is Microsoft XP professional with Office 2000 which has excel, which Im using to create the new spreadsheet program 4. 3 Users IT skills and knowledge I feel that the users ICT knowledge and skills are limited to what they can do.They are inexperienced in computer use and therefore they have not developed, because of this there will need to be a basic and informative and self-explanatory interface. I think that the interface will need to be bold and relevant to the tasks. The user manual will have basic information in using the system as well as a disconcert shooting section. 1. Consideration of a possible solution There are many different packages that I could use to create an accounts program there is shrewd Line100, which is widely used in large company businesses. There is similarly Microsoft own Excel, which is widely used, in smaller businesses.I am going to use excel to create the program because it is the most normally available and is therefore the best choice to use. I think that it is also the easiest to use out of the two because many people use the program already and have a basic knowledge of the program already and how it works. It is also a lot clearer to see than the basic graphics of Line100. there is also the case that Excel is cheaper to buy than a copy of Sage Line100. at i?? 250, Line100 is rather too expensive for a small company. I feel that with the cheaper, only i?? 89. 99 Excel they will have a better deal on their hands.